成人依恋安全和大学生物质使用
Jon D. Kassela,⁎, Margaret Wardlea, John E. Robertsb
University of Illinois at Chicago, 1007 W. Harrison St., Behavioral Sciences Building,Room 1009 (MC 285), Chicago, IL 60607, USA
State University of New York at Buffalo, USA
摘要：
以前的研究已经论证了，在成人依恋类型的质量方面和各种形式多样的心理悲痛之间存在强烈的联系。在迅速发展的文献研究进一步表明了，非安全依恋类型和药物使用之间的关系，特别是饮酒。在现在呈现的研究中，我们扩展了目前的文献，通过检查212名大学生的成人依恋类型和吸烟、喝酒、吸食大麻之间的关系。此外，根据我们以前的研究（Hankin, B.L., Kassel, J.D., and Abela, J.R.Z.(2005)预期调查的认知风险和人际关系压力的产生，可以作为成人依恋维度和情感压抑症状之间的一种调节机制），我们提出了一个概念模型假定，成人依恋的类型影响药物使用的频率和压力促进药物使用，通过他们的不良的态度和自尊的影响。最初的相关分析表明，焦虑型依恋（贫穷和担心被抛弃）与药物使用频率和压力激发药物使用之间存在有效的正相关。同时，回归分析显示了，对于药物使用的频率，焦虑型依恋的影响的操作根本上是通过其对不良的态度和自尊的作用。关于药物使用是由于否定情绪的减少，焦虑型依恋直接证明，吸烟和喝酒的影响是独立的。这些发现强调了潜在的重要的成人依恋类型是大学生物质使用的风险因素之一。
关键词： 药物使用 成人依恋类型 不良的态度 自尊 吸烟 吸食大麻 饮酒
5、讨论
导致物质使用和物质滥用的途径无疑是复杂的，涉及许多的环境的、人际的、内心的因素，(Kassel,Weinstein, Skitch, Veilleaux, & Mermelstein,2005)。在这个研究中，我们试图检查可能的任务，通过大学生的依恋类型能提升药物使用。根据迅速发展的文献表明了非安全依恋类型与情绪悲痛之间有强烈的相关，我们假设适应不良的依恋类型将会与物质使用的增加有相关，特别是用于减轻压力和负性情绪。此外，根据我们以前的研究，我们设想任何注意到的依恋类型和药物使用之间的关系将会被调节，通过不良的态度和自尊。总之，我们的研究支持这些假设。
在相关分析的水平上，焦虑型依恋与吸烟有明显的和确定的相关，但是与喝酒喝吸食大麻无明显相关。研究发现，在某种意义上，大学生的饮酒在社交上和统计上是常见的(Johnston et al., 2005)。缺乏与吸食大麻的频率的相关，可能在某种程度上，归因于在目前的样本中低比例的这种行为。然而，考虑到药物使用归因于压力，正如预期，焦虑类型的依恋与三种类型的药物使用之间存在显著的相关。因此，焦虑依恋类型上的得分越高，学生更加倾向吸食更多的烟和大麻，喝更多的酒，来应对悲痛的感觉。另外，反过来依赖和亲密的依恋类型与压力造成吸食大麻之间存在显著的负相关，他们还论证了其与吸烟和喝酒无显著关系。综合我们的研究可以知道，害怕被抛弃（焦虑型依恋）是非安全依恋类型中用于预测物质使用的最重要的一个方面，尽管进一步的研究需要进一步清晰的确定，如果这个模型的出现能作为一个可靠的发现。
Abstract
Previous research has demonstrated strong links between quality of adult attachment styles and various forms of
psychological distress. A burgeoning literature further points to a relationship between insecure attachment and
drug use, particularly alcohol consumption. In the present study, we expanded upon the existing literature by
examining the relationship between adult attachment style and use of cigarettes, alcohol, and marijuana in a sample
of 212 college students. Moreover, based on our previous work [Hankin, B.L., Kassel, J.D., and Abela, J.R.Z.
(2005). Adult attachment dimensions and specificity of emotional distress symptoms: prospective investigations of
cognitive risk and interpersonal stress generation as mediating mechanisms. Personality and Social Psychology
Bulletin, 31, 136-151.], we proposed a conceptual model positing that adult attachment style influences both
frequency of drug use and stress-motivated drug use through its impact on dysfunctional attitudes and self-esteem.
Initial correlational analyses indicated significant (positive) associations between anxious attachment (tapping
neediness and fear of abandonment) and both drug use frequency and stress-motivated drug use. Simultaneous
regression analyses revealed that, for drug use frequency, the influence of anxious attachment operated primarily
through its effect on dysfunctional attitudes and self-esteem. Regarding drug use attributable to negative affect
reduction, anxious attachment demonstrated direct, independent effects on both cigarette smoking and alcohol use.
These findings highlight the potential importance of adult attachment styles as a risk factor for drug use among
college students.
© 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Drug use; Attachment styles; Dysfunctional attitudes; Self-esteem; Cigarette smoking; Marijuana use; Alcohol use
1. Introduction
The need to belong represents a powerful and universal motivating force (Baumeister and Leary, 1995).
This imperative for closeness is present during the earliest days and months of an infant's life (Bowlby,
1969), with a burgeoning literature clearly demonstrating that insecurely attached children are at greater
risk to develop emotional and behavioral problems (Cicchetti, Toth, & Lynch, 1995; Sroufe, 1986). Put
simply, people who experience intimate social bonds tend to be happier and healthier relative to those who
lack such attachments (e.g., DeLongis, Folkman, & Lazarus, 1988; Leary, 1990). Other work further
suggests an association between insecure adult attachment and psychological distress, including low selfesteem
(Collins & Read, 1990; Griffin & Bartholomew, 1994; Gamble & Roberts, 2005; Roberts, Gotlib,
& Kassel, 1996), negative emotional traits (Magai, Distel, & Liker, 1995), eating disorders (Cole-Detke &
Kobak, 1996), depressive symptomatology (Kobak, Sudler, & Gamble, 1991; Roberts et al., 1996), and
anxiety (Warren, Huston, Egeland, & Sroufe, 1997).
Given the strong relationships between various manifestations of psychological distress and substance
use (e.g., Hussong & Chassin, 1994; Kassel, Stroud, & Paronis, 2003), there is reason to believe that
attachment insecurity may also play a role in the developmental trajectory of substance use disorders.
Several theorists, particularly those with psychodynamic orientations, have put forth such conceptualizations.
For example, Cook (1991) argues that poor attachment in early childhood leads to internalized
shame, which, in turn, leaves the child at risk for subsequent substance abuse. Walant (1995) similarly
posits that persons vulnerable to alcohol and drug abuse have suffered neglect of their attachment needs
and compensate by artificially inducing “merger” states through their use of drugs and alcohol. Kohut
(1977) hypothesizes that addiction often arises when the individual has not received, or has failed to
internalize, the comforting capacities of his or her early attachment figures. Though these conceptualizations
may be compelling, to date, none have been empirically validated. Other recent thoughts on
this issue,derived from a more cognitive-behavioral stance, also suggest that insecure attachment may set
the stage for the development of substance abuse via negative affect regulation (e.g., use of drugs to
assuage affective distress), and deficient socialization and association with deviant peers (Caspers,
Cadoret, Langbehn, Yucuis, & Troutman, 2005; McNally, Palfai, Levine, & Moore, 2003; Sher,Walitzer,
Wood, & Brent, 1991).
In fact, relatively few studies have actually examined the association between substance use and
quality of adult attachment, and even fewer have begun to explore the potential etiological role of
attachment style. Brennan and Shaver (1995) were the first to report that insecure attachment among
college students was associated both with drinking frequency, and, even more strongly, with drinking
alcohol in order to cope with stress. Other researchers have since reported similar links between insecure
attachment and drinking behavior (Burge, Hammen, Davila, & Daley 1997; Cooper, Shaver, & Collins,
1998; Vungkhanching, Sher, Jackson, & Parra, 2004). Caspers, Cadoret, Langbehn, Yucuis, and
Troutman (2005) found a high prevalence of illicit substance use among insecurely attached individuals
relative to those secure in their attachment relationships. However, the only study to date to test a process
model of the relationship between adult attachment style and substance use (specifically alcohol use)
found that coping motives (drinking to relieve negative affect) mediated the relationship between
attachment style and alcohol consumption (McNally et al., 2003). Hence, these investigators proposed
that insecurely attached individuals appeared to drink as a means of regulating emotional distress.
The primary purpose of the present study was to build upon this emerging work and examine the
magnitude and nature of the associations between adult attachment style and the use of cigarettes, alcohol,
