留学文书自荐书代写
留学硕士论文代写
SCI期刊ISTP期刊EI论文代写
留学申请推荐信个人陈述代写
留学研究计划书代写
留学论文作业代写修改
英语 English
日语 日本語
韩语한국의
法语 Français
德语 Deutsch
俄语 Pусский
西语 Español
意语 Italiano
·英语论文 ·日语论文
·韩语论文 ·德语论文
·法语论文 ·俄语论文

名称:智尚工作室
电话:0760-86388801
传真:0760-85885119
地址:广东中山市学院路1号
网址:www.zsfy.org
E-Mail:cjpdd@vip.163.com

商务QQ:875870576
微信二维码

业务联系
成功案例
Four The Translation of the Chinese Idioms on the View of Metaphorical Thinking
添加时间: 2017-10-16 15:13:12 来源: 作者: 点击数:10287

 



   

隐喻又称暗喻,是语言中的一种修饰手段,是一种普遍现象,人们经常会不经意的使用隐喻去表达自己的想法。无论中国还是外国,隐喻的运用频率都是特别的高,就像英国的修辞学家理查兹曾经说过“我们日常的交流中平均每三句话就会出现一个隐喻”隐喻使语言变的更加婉转、优美。从结构上看,隐喻由本体、喻体和喻底组成。汉语习语是具有特定意义的固定词组和短句,是语言不可分割的一个构成部分并且在日常交流中运用的比较广泛。汉语习语是文化的载体,又是语言的精华。而翻译是一种跨语言,跨文化的交际活动,是各民族沟通的桥梁。因此汉语习语的翻译对于英汉语言使用者的交流尤其重要,汉语习语的翻译质量直接影响译文读者的理解程度。本文以汉语习语的隐喻思维出发,从认知语言学,心理学和语用学等多个学科角度探讨,旨在破解汉语习语的深层结构并确定其隐喻的思维模式;同时提出汉语习语翻译的策略,以期将其中所蕴含的隐喻思维尽可能的忠实传达给英文读者。

[U1] 关键词:隐喻;习语[U2] 


Abstract

Metaphor,is a modification of the means of language,and it is also a universal phenomenon.People always use metaphor to express their minds.Both in China and foreign countries, metaphor is used everywhere.As Richards ,a British rhetorician,once said that in our communication ,every three sentences would appear one metaphor.Metaphor makes the languages mildly and beautiful. From a structural point of view, the metaphor is made of the metaphor noumenon,metaphor object and metaphor ground.The Chinese idioms are the fixed phrases,which have specific meanings,and they are also the important parts in languages that are used everywhere in our daily life. Chinese idiom is the carrier of culture, and which is also the essence of language.And the translation is a cross-language,cross-cultural communication activity.It is the bridge for the communication among every ethinic group. So the translation of the Chinese idioms for the communication with the English user is very important.The quality of the translation of the idioms will directly effect the degree of the understanding of the readers.The essay is in order to break the deep instructure of the Chinese idioms and make sure the metaphorical thinking ,from many subjects.And it gives the methods for the translation of the Chinese idioms,that will help the readers understand Chinese idioms better from the metaphorical thinking.

Key  words:metaphor;idiom

    [U3] 

 

    ... I

Abstract 2

    ... 3

    ... 1

Chapter One  Introduction. 2

I.Background and Significance. 2

II.Structure. 3

Chapter Two Literature review.. 5

I.Definition of key words 5

II Retrospect of Research on Metaphor and Idiom.. 5

1.Study overseas 5

2.Study at Home. 8

Chapter Three Methodology. 11

I.Cognitive linguistics 11

II.Psychology. 12

III Pragmatics 22

Chapter Four The Translation of the Chinese Idioms on the View of Metaphorical Thinking. 26

I      The differences between English idioms and Chinese idioms 26

II The Metaphorical Thinking between Chinese and English idioms 32

III The Translation Methods from the Point of View on the Metaphorical Thinking. 35

1. Literal translation. 35

2 .Applying method. 35

3. Free translation. 37

4.Omitted method. 37

5.Add method. 37

Chapter Five Conclusion. 39

I  Major Findings 39

II  Implications 39

III Recommendations for Future Research. 39

参考文献... 41

攻读硕士学位期间发表的主要科研成果... 42

    ... 43


 

   

由于英汉两种语言具有不同的语言特点且东西方的人民有着不同的思维方式,尤其是汉语的隐喻思维模式,会使其在英译过程中遇到巨大的实际困难。在翻译策略上,无论是单独运用直译还是单独运用意译都不能比较完整地体现所有汉语习语的隐喻思维模式。正是基于对这一问题的认识,本文就汉语习语的隐喻思维模式及其英译策略方面进行了探讨。通过充分的例证和认真的总结与分析,旨在破解汉语习语的深层结构并确定其隐喻的思维模式;同时,联系相关的翻译理论,提出汉语习语翻译的策略,以期将其中所蕴含的隐喻思维尽可能的忠实传达给英文读者。


                                                    Chapter One  Introduction

I.Background and Significance

Metaphor is a medification means in a language which compares A to B.It plays an important role to decorate something in a sentence.Traditional metaphorlogy opined metaphor is a decoration in a language,because it makes languge beautiful.Metaphor is the central issue in Cognitive Semantics from the 1980s and it is known as an important way of a human cognition.Metaphor is made of three parts from the point of the structure : metaphor noumenon,metaphor object and metaphor ground.The studies of metaphorlogy doesn’t only break the single classification and description in the figures of speech step by step,but also walk on a developing,multidisciplinary and multi-angle road in a study.In recent decades ,scholars find that metaphor is not only a phenomenon in a language from their studies of metaphorical theory,but also it exists in our mind and action.American linguistician Lakoff said:“Our concept system ,which is also our concept system of our mind and action,is said in essence that is metaphorical.”Idioms which have a profound message and beautiful rhyme are the cream of a language,and they are not only the accumulation and essence of the people’s practation from every expierence during their life,but also they are the mirror of the national psychology and spirit.So idioms have an anothor name called “concentrated encyclopedia”.This passage finds that there are lots of metaphorical thinking in the Chinese idioms which has unique chinese national characters.Every nation has its own national literature and psychological characteristics,and its deep structure has its stability and hereditary.Therefore,the studies of the characteristics of the metaphorical thinking of the Chinese idioms and their Enlish translation methods are both a important way to spread Chinese culture,but it is a difficult and an important task for the translators.Translation is a communicative activety which is cross-linguistic and cross-cultural,and it is the bridge for all the countries to communicate.This passage is on the basis of Cognitive linguistics and in order to research that Chinese idioms are universal in the communication and confirm their metaphorical thinking ,then give the methods of their English translation.Through sufficient illustrations and serious summary and analysis,the author aims to break the deep strcuture of the Chinese idioms and confirm the metaphorical thinking.At the same time ,the author connect the relevant translation theory in order to give the methods to translate the Chinese idioms,and express the right metaphorical thinking behind them as far as possible to the English readers.Because the two languages have their own characteristics and different thinking patterns,particularly the Chinese metaphorical thinking,which will make the translator face the difficulties during their translation work.From the piont of the translation theory ,if only use literal translation or free translation that can not express the right way of the Chinese metaphorical thinking.Just about this piont,the passage discuss about the metaphorical thinking of the Chinese idioms and their English translation.[1]

II.Structure[U4] 

Chapter One Introduction

I  Background and Significance

II Structure

Chapter Two Literature review

I Definition of key words   

1Definition of Metaphor

2Definition of Idiom

II Retrospect of Research on Metaphor and Idiom

1. Study Overseas

2. Study at Home

Chapter Three Methodology

I Cognitive Linguistics

II Psychology

III Semantics

Chapter Four The Translation of the Chinese Idioms on the View of Metaphorical Thinking

 I  The differences between English idioms and Chinese idioms

1. The source of Chinese idioms and their characteristics

2. The source of English idioms and their characteristics

3. The differences of the understanding between the idioms between the two languages

II The Metaphorical Thinking between Chinese and English idioms

       1. Metaphorical thinking

2.The Metaphorical thinking of the English idioms

3. The Metaphorical thinking of the Chinese idioms

III The Translation Methods from the Point of View on the Metaphorical Thinking

1.Literal translation

 2.Free tanslation

3. Modify Simplified Method

4.Image Conversion Method

Chapter Five Conclusion

I  Major Findings

II Implications

III Recommendations for Future Research

Chapter Two Literature review

I.Definition of key words

1.Definition of metaphor

A metaphor is a literary figure of speech that describes a subject by asserting that
it is, on some point of comparison, the same as another otherwise unrelated object. Metaphor is a type of analogy and is closely related to other rhetorical figures of speech that achieve their effects via association, comparison or resemblance including allegory, hyperbole, and simile.

2. Definition of Idiom

An idiom special feature, special phrasing", f. Greek: διος – idios, "one’s own") is an expression consisting of a combination of words that have a figurative meaning. The figurative meaning is comprehended in regard to a common use of the expression that is separate from the literal meaning or definition of the words of which it is made.[1] Idioms are numerous and they occur frequently in all languages. There are estimated to be at least 25,000 idiomatic expressions in the English language..

II Retrospect of Research on Metaphor and Idiom

1.Study overseas

Metaphor is a hot topic for most subjects to pay attention to, especially people pay more attention to the cognitive function of metaphor increasingly. But there is not enough of the uniform theory of metaphor. In western courntries ,the development of the study for metaphor and the main thoughts think metaphor is a common phenomenon in everyday life, and they use metaphor every day. Metaphor at overseas can be divided into three parts to study in the perspective of the boundaries and methods: (1) In the perspective of the rhetoric to study metaphor which starts from 300 B.C. to 1930s that begins from the theory which called Comparison theory that is Aristotle’s ideas. But the study on metaphor is almost 2000 years which only studies on the point of figure of speech, and the focal spot is on the rhetoric function of metaphor. The system research in the west begins from Aristotle who states the constitution and function of metaphor as a rhetorical mode in his books which are called Poetics and Rhetoric. The ideas of Aristotle to define the definition and function of metaphor directly influence how to research metaphor for the rhetoric boundary in the west for two thousand years. The main points of Aristotle’s Comparison Theory are that metaphor is a language method which uses one word to take the place of another word that has the same meaning as the first one, and the relative between the words is correlation. And he also says that the main effects of metaphor is rhetoric function that also proves that metaphor is the same as simile in nature. In the first century A.D. which is after Aristotle presents the theory of comparison theory, the rhetorician Quitillian presents a theory which is named substitution .  Quitillian thinks that metaphor is a rhetoric phenomenon to use one word to describe another one. Both Aristotle’s comparison view and Quitillian’s substitution view research metaphor as a rhetoric method, although both of them play a most important role at that moment. [2]In 1930s in the wake of Richards’s book which is called The Philosophy of Rhetoric ,there is a new perspective for interaction theory that breaks the limits that only study metaphor in the point of its rhetoric function from the comparison between two wors and the substitution theory for 2000 years . It also enhances metaphor from the vocabulary to sentence, and it uses semantics to research metaphor. The points of the interaction theory are metaphor is the thoughts of two different things act in the same words of phrases, and the form of meaning of the words takes shape from the interaction of the two thoughts, and it directs the disadvantage of traditional theory of metaphor is that it ignores the communication of the thoughts and the influence of the context .Ever since 1960s many scholars continue to study on the Richards’s interaction theory, and they present that the similar between the two words and the two concepts  not always exits beforehand, but through interaction, Among those theories there is a scholar named Black, and he publishes a series of works: Model and Metaphor:Studies in Language and Philosophy ( 1962 ) Moreabout Metaphor ( 1977 ) How Metaphor Works: A Reply to Donald Davidson( 1978) and Metaphor and Thought( 1993) There are some news points from Black’s works:First ,he divides metaphor into many elements; Second,he sets up the similar points;Finally,he presents the process of the interaction.In 1980,with the publishment of the book which is named Metaphors We Live By which is written by Lakoff and Johnson,the metaphor which is under people’s acknowledge is in full swing.The cognitive linguistics is the new direction which explains the phenomenon of metaphor.Metaphor is not only a phenomenon of a language,but also it is a cognitive phenomenon .That is a common view among every subject.Lakoff and Johnson think that the process of people’s thinking is metaphorical to a great extent.Metaphor is a cognitive action in which people use the experience from one field to explain the experience from another field.So metaphor is a cognitive way of people’s thinking

    An American philosophy professor H.P.Grice divides the  utterance meaning into two kinds,they are natural meaning and non-natural meaning in his book named Meaning.The non-natural meaning of the utterance meaning is the meaning which people want to express,that can also say it is the meaning which in the specific situation the raver want to express the pragmatic implicature.That is the basic of Grice’s conversational implicature theory.cognitive semantics of the idiom semantic processing analysis thinks idioms was rooted in metaphor,but with the time passed,the metaphor disappeared.And it resists as a dead metaphor.The metaphoric meaning is directly ruled in the mental lexicon.The research of the psychological linguistics and cognitive linguistics gives a challenge to this point.The research of  metaphor about this point mainly relates to two points(Gibbs1990 1995 ;):(1) the analyzability of the idioms;(2)the cognitive motivation of metaphoric meaning of the idioms.The psychological linguistic experiment by Gibbs proves that the metaphoric meaning of the idioms is provided motivation by people’s conception acknowledge.Those conception acknowledge consists of metaphor and metonymy.Many scholars of cognitive linguistics exploratory found the representative cognitive domain among their experieces,such as time,cause and effect ,space and emotion etc.Those researche, s prove that in our daily life metaphor and metonymy is ubiquity(Lakoff Johnson1980 ; Lakoff 1987 ; Kovecses 1986).Some cognitive linguistics analysis of English idioms proves idioms are not exsists independently in the lexicon,but it exsists as a coherent system. Kovecses ( 1986) directs idioms such as “blow your stack flip your lidhit the ceiling and lose your cool”etc are offered motivation by conceptual metaphor. People like Gibbs (Gibbs 1995 ; Gibbs OpBrien1990 ; Nayak Gibbs1990) perform many  psychological linguistic experiments which aim at the comprehending of the idioms.That provide powerful motivation for people to cognize the natural of metaphor.Gibbs thinks when people are in the process of understanding the meaning of the idioms,people through the preconcept experience gestait of the picture and diagram form to evolute many conceptual metaphor,which provide some motivations for people to understand the idioms. The results from some experements prove that the understanding of the idioms responses that people use the conceptual metaphor in their mind.In this experiment ,the experimenter asks the examinee some questions about some conceptual metaphor from some area.Such as “anger is the heated liquid in the bottol”,when the examinee see a picture where is a sealing bottle that has a lot of liquid,they should answer to the questions below:(1)What can cause an explosion? (2) Is the explosion of the bottle deliberate or self alignment? (3) Is the explosion of the bottle tender or fierce? The answers of the examinees to the questions are the same that is the pressure from the inner of the bottle causes the explosion ,and it is self alignment and fierce.It is worth noting that the understanding of the source domain can automatically show the concept of the different target domain.In other words,when the examinee understand “blow the stack”, “flip your lid” or “hit the ceiling”ect ,such idioms which express anger,they guess the target domain from the source domain,that is the reason of the anger is from the pressure of the inner.And the expression of the anger is self alignment and fierce.But when the examinee understand the idiom “get very angry”,they do not guess like that above .Another experiment assumes that when people understand some idiom ,if people really get some related conceptual metaphor,then these activated knowledge of metaphor can speed up the people’s response to the idioms.That states that when people understand idioms,they really use the conceptual metaphor.During the comprehending of the idioms on line,can the existed conceptual metaphor always let the reader automatically know the meaning?In allusion to the question,Gibbs (1997) did the experiment.They firstly found that in some cases during the understanding the conceptual metaphor can be easily understand,but this did not mean that whenever we met idioms,the existed conceptual metaphor could be easily understand.Although people conveyed the meaning as soon as possible of the conceptual metaphor in some cases,but this was not to say that the understanding of the idioms was based o n the activation of the conceptual metaphor.It was not clear that if the conceptual metaphor need to be understood when people saw the idioms.They also found that people could not response the inner meaning when they met the idioms every time,so maybe they could not compute the phenomenon from the source domain to the target domain.People may only understand the meaning routly,and these meanings were existed in advance,because these conception were normal in people’s language and thinking.They finally directed that it was also a question which was not solved that how the people use the conceptual metaphor during the semantic processing on line.In fact, idioms are different in six aspects,they are:familiarity,semantic transparency,literally the degree of righteousness,predictability,decomposability and context effect.If we ignore these aspects during the semantic processing in our translation,we will make faults during our translation.

2.Study at Home

At home, the research of metaphor is confined on the administrative levels of the figure of the speech.The research of the metaphor from phylosophy,psychology and other multiple subjects is still empty.Metaphor ,as a cognitive phenomenon,has deep influence to the thinking pattern of people,the artistic creation and the using of the language.The further cogntion of the phenomenon nature of metaphor and the function makes active effects to the cognitive science at present age and the development of research of he art ontology.The Chinese ancients has the ideas of metaphor before Qin dynasty,but they only general talk about “analogy”,they see analogy as explain,example,etc.Until the Northern and Southern dynasties,Liu Xie makes a system research on analogy in his book Carving A Dragon,he puts metaphor under analogy and classifies them.In the 12th century,Chen Kui from the Southern Song dynasty first put forward the conception of metaphor in the Chinese rhetoric,and he raises a detailed classification.the effection of the conception which is raised by Chen Kui in his book named Guide Line For Prose in Chinese rhetoric histoty is not different from Aristotle in the west.The research from China on metaphor goes through 2000 years to the prensent agent,the Chinese scholors begin to learn from the western theories to analysis and research metaphor.Long Bochun in his book Text Introduction developes the theory of Chen Kui,and he defines metaphor and he discusses the effect and classification.After all these ,there are LiuJindi’s Grammar Elements and Lai Yuxun’s Grammata Serica,which define metaphor,classify it and talk about how to put it to use again.After May fourth,China goes into modern society,the rising of the writings in the vernacular make a great progress of the vernacular,a series of works are appeared which has the epoch making.Chen Wangdao’s The Origion of Rhetoric (1932) makes a more system research and conclusion of metaphor,which makes a sign of the offical creation of the our modern rhetoric.The scholor Yuan Hui’s Anology (1982) ,Wang Xijie and YuanYulin’s series of works analysis metaphor on surface and deep level through taking example by foreign works that has theories on metaphor .That furtherly inspires people to know metaphor better,that shows the feature of researching metaphor from the point of the language standard.Since Lakoff and Johnson’s book Metaphors We Live By,our trend of researching metaphor begins. Many scholors gradually from the point of view of cognitive point to research and discuss metaphor. In recent years, the researching of metaphor as a hot topic of cognitive language, there are more system recital at home. Scholars of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences Institute of Linguistics Linshu Wu as the earliest system to study abroad metaphor theory, published a series of books. In his book, he describes the interaction concept: to create a similar metaphor theory and cognitive; metaphor theory in which the study of cross-cultural linguistics; metaphor research status quo, the focus and the future development trend. "Cognitive metaphor study" published in 2004 by Hu Zhuanglin the beam Dingfang published in 2000 "metaphor studies and Yan-Fang Zhao, published in 2001," Cognitive Linguistics "metaphor research works, a comprehensive exposition of the metaphor of an overview of the study, introduced and reviewed various metaphor theory, that our interest in metaphor phenomenon research and research level is gradually improving.

Idiom comprehension models to study the mode of understanding of Chinese idioms primarily from the perspective of psycholinguistic research, the Shexian Jun (1988), by two, as the words start test to explore Chinese idiom understand psychological mechanisms. Experimental results show that the idiom is node stored in the heart dictionary understanding of the idiom is a compositional process. These studies of foreign students learning idioms have a guiding role. She Xianjun, et al (2001) to learn English "idiom" research to explore the Chinese idiom to understand the mechanism, the understanding of the Chinese idiom is a compositional process and understand different idioms study found that the phrase has different syntactic processing capacity, this syntactic processing capacity of different determined mainly by the semantics of the phrase decomposition and transparency. Chinese idioms and English idioms have the same characteristics. The same phrase in the understanding of the role of the different components of the word (s) idioms. Domestic less the two idioms understanding mode, scholars explore idioms to understand the theory of second language acquisition angle:

Wang Ying (2006) understanding patterns of idioms combing integration method;

Xie Hua (2007) investigated the familiarity, transparency and contextual understanding of Chinese learners of English idioms.

Zhoucai Qing (2008) explores the main factors that influence Chinese English learners understand and acquisition of English idioms, including the mother tongue, second language level, language contact, semantic network construction tasks as well as the processing load.

There is a certain relationship between familiarity and idiom comprehension, while no obvious correlation between transparency and idioms understand, but a more accurate understanding learner familiarity, high transparency idioms; contextual informationhelp learners correctly understand the metaphorical meaning of the idiom; significant interaction effect between familiarity and contextual factors. Wei Lan (2006) An Empirical Study of the idioms Acquisition and reading non-English majors might be attached to the acquisition of a certain amount of idioms reading; Yu Jue (2006), classified according to the functions of idioms Productive knowledge Tang Yuling (2004) empirical study identified four factors related through a cross-sectional study to explore the mode of Chinese English Learners' Acquisition of English Idioms: Idioms types, types of knowledge, the idioms of frequency, as well as different levels of English language learners, and that the essential link between them.

Translation of idioms domestic research based on Western cultural differences, mainly research and analysis (of idiom translation strategy and its ability in the Sino-British cultural differences training, thank osmanthus, 2012) (the learning of English-Chinese cross-cultural perspective language differences and their translator, Wang Hongmei, 2011), including the study of the geographical environment, religion, lifestyle and historical aspects, and also from the angle of naturalization and alienation idioms translation skills analysis. Many writings from the functional equivalence theory Idiom Translation issues research and analysis, or from the perspective of teleological Idiom Translation of the few the Idiom Translation writings metaphorical thinking.

Chapter Three Methodology

I.Cognitive linguistics

Cognitive Linguistics is a subdiscipline of linguistics, it emerged from the womb from cognitive psychology or cognitive science, about beginning to take shape in the late 1980s to the 1990s. The Cognitive Linguistics involving a variety of disciplines, such as artificial intelligence, linguistics, psychology, and system theory for generative linguistics proposed: create, learn and use language, must be able to basically through human cognitive be explained, because cognitive ability is the fundamental of human knowledge.

Branch: There are three branches of cognitive linguistics:

1, cognitive semantics learn include: word formation and semantic analysis.

2, cognitive grammar: through the analysis of the existing language and understanding of the environment and habits behind, metaphor, summarized from the grammar rules, rather than generated through mathematical equations to generate the grammar rules.[3]

3, cognitive phonetics

The founder of Cognitive Linguistics is generally considered to be found by George Lakoff (George Lakoff), Mark Johnson (Mark Johnson) and Ronald Lan Gaike. Among Lakoff and Johnson specializes in the language of metaphor and its relationship with human cognition; and Lan Gaike expertise lies in the generation of cognitive grammar.

George Lakoff: cognitive linguistics, one of the founders, advocated analogy (metaphor) is the daily language activities must be cognitive ability.

Dai Hao: National Chung Cheng University, Institute of Linguistics Professor, few Chinese expertise in cognitive linguistics.

Wang Shi: The Chinese University of Hong Kong Modern Linguistics Department of the Academia Sinica, the other a small number of Chinese expertise in cognitive linguistics.

According to cognitive science point of view, the development of human beings is human objective material world and spiritual cognitive processes. , Hu Zhuanglin (1997) that "cognitive" should include two processes: First, the process of thinking, that people actively to understand the world, and the world through the brain reflect on people's thinking, is the result of knowledge or knowledge accumulation. People rely on the objective world cognitive schema language, the role of non-verbal means of far inferior to the language means[4]

Metaphor from cognitive function can be divided into the root metaphors and derived metaphor. Root metaphor is a metaphor as a central concept, such as: The life is a journey, and thus can derive many derived metaphor, as the start and end of life (the beginning and the end of life), the passing of life (passenger in life) and the like. Root metaphor Summary and Conclusion of the general metaphorical expression, often reflect the early understanding of human nature and objective world. Derived metaphor is an external manifestation of the root metaphor. Another classification is the metaphor into the conventional metaphor and a new metaphor. The conventional metaphors divided into structural metaphor, metaphors and ontological metaphors direction. Structural metaphor is a conceptual structure of words to create a concept of the same structure. For example: from a metaphorical statement, Time is money (time is money). Waste the money by spending money, a waste of money (spend the money), Metaphor to spend time, a waste of time (spend the time to waste the time). Direction metaphor metaphorical concept with reference to the formation of a series of spatial orientation, such as: what, where an outer. According to Happiness is up (happiness equal upward) the metaphor of the concept, it can be said I'm feeling up today (I am very happy today). The body metaphor contains entities metaphor and material metaphor, objects and materials to understand our relevant experience which makes us able to experience seen as entities and substances, alleged and quantify it with, and for rational and creativity. When certain features new metaphor reveals things in a new perspective, it gives new meaning to the things.[5]

Idioms are relatively independent part of the vocabulary of a language and expression, the expression but of Idioms is not independent of the outside of the human conceptual system, which is based on the cognitive basis. : From a structural metaphor Control is of holding sth in hand grip can be brought under control in the hands of something or someone objective cognitive hand (hand) the material realm is to understand the control (control)-based abstract field derived idiomatic expressions in hand (grasp), off one's hand (from someone's jurisdiction); similar metaphor concept of freedom is On a free hand (free hands bound) have a derived free hand (free); the metaphor Working is to use hands (labor is the use of hands), derive short of hands (lack of labor) and so on. These examples illustrate the metaphorical concept acts as an intermediary between the two separate and completely different concept areas conceptual association between the similarity of the subjective experience or perception of cognition and minds of the people of the objective things.

Due to the existence of metaphorical cognition to idioms as a justified, if the interaction between metaphors conceptual system and idioms of significance aside, idioms simply no justification at all. A large number of studies have shown that the composition idioms vocabulary the entire idiom figurative interpretation a certain role, which is to completely negate the idiom meaning non-analytical.[6]

II.Psychology[U5] 

Psychology from birth until now have gone through 100 years of ups and downs, paradigm change of genres, an endless stream of theoretical changes, to build a unique landscape development psychology. Thin taste of the historical development of psychology, it is easy to find that each theory behind every genre implies a psychological metaphor, each research paradigm has a default image, metaphor, practices and assumptions penetration and support significant research areas of common understanding. Reveal these research paradigm intrinsic psychological metaphor, combing the development track of the psychological metaphors to help us better understand the context of the development of psychology, Looking forward to the development of psychology

First, the psychological metaphor changes

The analysis of the history of psychology metaphors from other areas play an important role in the psychological theory of the formation of a the 265 psychological phenomenon metaphor  from 1894-1975 psychologist. In a sense, the historical testimony of the history of psychology, the history of the development is the psychological metaphor changes, psychological metaphor changing psychological development. Following several major genre in the history of psychology, for example simple recall them.[7]

(A) behaviorism: a machine

Following Descartes proposed the famous thesis of "Animal Machine", Latin American Terry further asserted: that the man is a machine. Watson, founder of behavioral psychology, inheritance and development of the above ideas, in the "behaviorist" the book bluntly: "Even as little as an hour's time to study, you can know, the human body is very cleverly by the various organs in one so that it can do many things, but not a mysterious cave, but rather a very common organic machinery "[2]. This metaphor led to the psychology, the history of the development of a Copernican revolution, indomitable revolutionary spirit Watson claimed that traditional psychology of consciousness meditations on the easy chair, and contrary to the spirit of science, unequivocally proposed psychology than internal awareness of the study can not be observed, but to study the external behavior that can be observed. The reaction is the behavior of human behavior like a machine launched by an external stimulus, restraint and control, environmental stimulation. The essence of the reaction is the body's physiological changes occur that muscle contraction and glandular secretion, further can also be reduced to physical changes and chemical changes at the molecular level. For a more concise description of the relationship between the stimulus and response, Watson s R coupling formula. Do not need any intermediary between stimulus and response, all about psychology, consciousness assumptions are superfluous. The above point of view, the decision of the behaviorist methodology emulate natural science tradition relentlessly pursue research objectivity, accuracy, verifiability, even to the center will not meet the above requirements many important content out of the psychological science research sight.

As a metaphor to the machine internally behavioral psychology must have mechanistic, reductionist, environmental determinism. From a historical perspective, Watson founded behaviorism is worthy of a psychological revolution, so that disciplinary nature of the object of psychology, earth-shaking changes in research methods, to promote the development of psychology. Weight behavior Excluding awareness and independence, so that the behavior of a legitimate object of study of psychology; force of subjective and objective research methods, research methods in psychology increasingly refined and mature; advocate the environmental determinism negative once popular fatalism, teleological and instincts The application of the theory; promote psychology opposed to pure research. The historic contribution behaviorist never gone down in history. At the same time, the mechanical reductionism of behaviorism, environmental determinism become often the subject of criticism. [8]Revert to the machine, man and beast, regardless of denying human subjectivity, consciousness, initiative and research methods center, value-neutral and so become the psychological development of the lessons of history.

(B) psychoanalysis: Man is an animal

Darwin's biological theory of evolution claims that man evolved from animals, animals and humans have on the development of continuity. Freud's psychoanalysis's pedigree is inspired by the theory of evolution, and founded the psychoanalytic school, creating a new era of development of psychology. He defiantly categorically put forward, but intuitively the object of study is not the consciousness of psychology, human subconscious energy is instinct, the instinct is the ultimate cause of all subconscious activity or the main source of power. Freud devoted his life to all human behavior, psychological restore for pathological restore subconscious childhood experience, animal behavior, insanity, mental patients as research samples to the subconscious which a neglected topic in the Institute of Psychology of the mainstream as the research object. Methodology, another way, Freud used free association, dream interpretation, and other ways to study the subconscious, human nature, motivation, personality and other areas ignored by the mainstream academic psychology. "I" structure of his creative personality (the self and the super-ego), and present my theory show its motivation theory, the point of view of the evil nature of humans, this vast storehouse of biological instinct, people the behavior of the basic power source.

"Freud was nurtured in the 19th century-science and its determinism, causality, atomism and reductionism" [3]. Freud founded psychoanalysis created a the unconscious psychological study of the first of its kind, pioneering the construction of the discipline of psychology, affecting many areas of the social sciences, and the creation of a treatment method and theory of neurosis. Meanwhile, it confuses the fundamental difference between man and animal, the person's intrinsic motivation and mental activities with purely biological areas, and ignore the people's awareness of the social and historical constraints and initiative. Its also quite controversial, as some people have said: "The spirit of analysis is the fact that mixed fiction and theory: the lack of scientifically proven to be an alternative as well as rhetorical devices".

(3) information processing Cognitive Psychology: computer

Information processing cognitive psychology, the human brain and a computer analogy, that the essence of intelligent information processing, understanding process is information processing. The main content of this cognitive revolution, the introduction of the computer programming language as an expression of the form of the language of the theory of human cognitive processes, using a computer program to simulate these processes, and to test the theory by comparing the behavior of the computer and people behavior correctness. Any event, process, or operation of the objective world, as long as the form of symbols can be used to represent and clear every time the state will be able to use computer simulation. Similarly, the human brain is a physical symbol system, the various concepts of the human brain, ideas are also symbols, the human brain information processing is the symbol of the operation. By analogy, it can be established based on the works of the computer cognitive model of the mechanism of human mental activity minds symbol processing to become objective description and research process. According to this analogy, as an information processing system, the same need to experience receiving, encoding, storage of information, decision and action.

Man-machine analogies information processing psychology was behaviorism exclude the subjective mental process in psychology beyond memory, thinking, cognitive re welcome back to become the legitimate object of study of psychology. Through man-machine analogy, made a lot of research to help unlock the human brain gray box mystery, which greatly promoted the process of scientific psychological research. However, the man-machine analogy is not has not been criticized, If behaviorism people hailed machine committed the error of mechanical reductionism, cognitive psychology, the man hailed as the computer is also difficult to avoid mechanical reductionism is suspected, then clever computer The machines do not have people with emotional, mental process will. Thus, in the computer simulation of human mental activity, there are some important issues we need to theoretically investigate and resolve.

(D) humanism: people self-realization by

This is a both different from animals is also different from the new machine metaphor regarded as first - and continue the pursuit of self-realization. In this metaphor, guided by the founder of Humanistic Psychology Maslow advocated a new theory of human nature, emphasizing the positive humanity, stressed that the social environment should allow the potential realization of human nature. He advocated "human-centered" paradigm, eagerly concerned about the potential value and dignity, the study of the theory of human nature as the core of its psychology. He's hierarchy of needs, self-actualization theory, the theory of peak experience, intrinsic value theory, the theory of social improvement, psychotherapy theory, the beautiful soul of are built on the basis of its Human Nature. Methodology of humanistic psychology beyond the either-or dichotomy of traditional psychology opposition, to look at the psychology of object-level integration of thinking, methods and topics. Human-centered research paradigm Maslow's humanistic psychology to win the high status of psychology third force, the paradigm "things" conversion to "paradigm", "the methods center" to "problem center migration, dichotomous thinking to integrated thinking changes, es, pecially in human health research object programmatic ideas, like a breath of fresh air cleared the way has been shrouded in people's hearts of the characters, or beast Yin Ting . Maslow's understanding of human nature, however, is not perfect, he is overly concerned about the humanity of natural factors and the relative neglect of social factors, hierarchy of needs, self-actualization theory are emphasized to the neglect of the social history of similar instinctive guidelines impact. In addition, a small number of elite as the universality of the conclusions of the study sample have been repeatedly questioned.

(E) social constructivism: creator

In the the social constructivism eyes, knowledge, ideas, not on the objective reality of the reaction, characterization, but the person's subjective construct, this construct is not personal but social, arising of interpersonal occurred in the specific historical and cultural based on the context, the discursive practices of specific cultural constraints. Psychological phenomenon does not exist in the interior, but exist between people, the result of human interaction, is the product of social construction. "We used to understand the world and our own terms and forms of human society are processed products, is rooted in the history and culture of interpersonal product, [5], people are no longer passive reflect become actively construct knowledge generation are people in social interaction, with the context of specific social and cultural history of the language, in conjunction with their existing knowledge and experience and theoretical perspectives actively building, in other words, knowledge is the invention not found. language is no longer a neutral tool for expressing thought content, language is the first in the provisions of a way of thinking, and to provide a basis for thinking. thus psychology, the focus of attention by the mind and world relations go to the relationship between language and the world, to explore language and how it affects the social construction of the mind. discourse analysis as the basic method of psychological research. psychology no longer try to explore the laws of the dominant human thought and action, but turned to construct the world and construct our own discourse practice "[6]. regarded as the inventor of the knowledge, creators, psychological as the product of socially constructed discourse, the result of the interaction of new and old experience of traditional Psychology subject and object, reflect, and reflect the dualism of substances and awareness transgression, highlighting the mental activity, enthusiasm, initiative and creativity, people truly become masters of their own mental activity, prominent understanding of the main factors on knowledge to overcome and avoid traditional psychology mechanistic reductionism; stressed and discourse of social, cultural and historical conditionality, to overcome the individual tendencies of traditional psychology course, many advocates of social constructivism open to question, is often blamed relativist point of view, any knowledge, perspectives discourse construction, the result of social negotiation between each other does not exist between true and false, the level of the other, thereby denying knowledge of psychology objectivity, caught in the nihilism and skepticism quagmire, danger exists.

Psychological metaphor development analysis

The above psychology major paradigm psychological metaphor analysis showed that the development of psychological theory is always accompanied by psychological metaphor of the changes, and the psychological metaphor the changes like the development of psychological theory has a certain regularity, this regularity is obvious reflected in the following aspects:

(A) the matter to the people

The early psychology paradigm metaphor material, behaviorism hailed the people there is no life machine completely controlled by the environment, passively accepting the stimulus to react, and ultimately into mechanical reductionism, environmental determinism quagmire. Psychoanalytic school hailed animals, people lose their the subjectivity dignity and become completely driven by biological instinct animal, its the theoretical full and filled with humanity pessimism, biological reductionism, causal determinism. Information processing cognitive psychology psychological hailed as the computer, their essence, man or machine, but more evolved, with a certain amount of computing power, the ability to operate the machine, the intrinsic mechanical reductionism remains unchanged. Behavioral psychology, psychoanalysis, the information processing metaphor of cognitive psychology paradigm focused on was "arrogant," the study is a "nobody" or "dehumanization", although there is no lack of success, but after all deviate from the fundamental purpose of the study of human psychological phenomena and behavior ". Humanistic Psychology adhere to the people-oriented, I believe people have the potential to self-realization, the first person to study as a real, refreshing, although not yet out of the box "like instinct" limit, after all, highlights the dominant position of the person . Social Constructivism as a representative of the post-modern psychology regarded as the inventor of knowledge creators and a great tribute to the sacred status as intelligent real recovery, to bid farewell to the traditional psychology mechanistic, reductionist , causal determinism cleared the obstacles. Psychology metaphor by the paradigm "things" to the "paradigm" conversion, can be seen as a new milestone in the Development of Psychology.

(B) from passive to active

Psychoanalysis, behaviorism, information processing, cognitive psychology, the human metaphor for animal or machine, completely ignoring the essential attribute of the person as a human being. People and animals or machines not only have similar places are more different places, people with social, initiative, creativity and human emotion and intellect are unmatched by any animal or machine, and as such, the above three genres was the most frequent criticism has focused on the unique nature of property intentionally ignored or overlooked. Humanistic Psychology firmly believe that people have intrinsic motivation, self-fulfilling one can take full advantage of the excellent social conditions to take the initiative to seek inner development, a clear picture of the blueprint for a healthy growth of humanity, incisive criticism of psychoanalysis and behaviorist encouraging show of good humanity. Social constructionist Psychology hailed as the inventor, the creator of the initiative, enthusiasm and praise, to rid itself of essentialism the shackles of fundamentalism, the people become the masters of the whole world, all the knowledge, it is in social interaction, active construction product. Characterization of transition from passive response to active construction, invention, the heart metaphor this transfer again sublimation of humanity, the impact of psychological research paradigm change.

(C) from the negative to the positive

Psychoanalysis Animal Metaphors, depicts how people like animals succumb to instinct, instinct slavery, show a negative, pessimistic, bleak picture of human nature, there is no positive publicity, only a bestial flooded run amok, it is no wonder that the psychoanalytic called "negative psychology". Behaviorism as a machine than to deny the presence of any of the enthusiasm, initiative, people can only passively accept the stimulus passively react, dubbed "the psychology of the mind", the positive aspects of human nature is completely submerged in negative level. Cognitive psychology, the human brain by ordinary machine upgrade for your computer to be able to take advantage of the cognitive structure of regulation and control of behavior, however, is still not completely out of the shadow of the "human machine" is quite limited, positive play . Humanistic Psychology as the basic purpose aired enthusiasm, affirmed the value and dignity of people, prominent people, self-realization, people who have become masters of the psychological and behavioral. Social constructionist Psychology, the enthusiasm of people to play to the extreme, the person is no longer a reflection of the world, Characterization, but Construction of the World, creators.

(D) by the individual to the social

Psychoanalysis, behaviorism, cognitive psychology, the man hailed as animals, machines, computers are an individual level on the analogy with analysis of humanistic psychology theory of self-realization is also limited to individuals within. Psychoanalytic finding human behavior dynamics will look towards the intra-individual biological instinct the unconscious analysis is also targeted to the individual; behaviorist analysis of stimulus and response of the individual happened to the link, and stimulate the individual to accept the stimulus reaction is the individual's response; cognitive psychology cognitive structure belong to the individual within the cognitive structure, information receiving, encoding, storage, processing and output are directed at the individual; Humanistic Psychology respected self implementation refers to the individual's self-realization, the individual is completely in accordance with the guidelines like instinct toward self-realization. If we psychoanalysis, behaviorism, information processing cognitive psychology, humanistic psychology called modern psychology, then, can be seen, the psychological metaphor of modern psychology and its theoretical analysis are individualistic, or say are the individual level of analysis, not linked to the socio-cultural and historical background of the individual in which individualism has become a common feature of modern psychology [7]. Social constructivism is a post-modern psychology camp hailed as the creator of the world, the construction of knowledge, Construction of this construct is not an individual but social constructs, interpersonal carried out based on specific social background the discourse historical and cultural conditions for the media. Social constructivism to get rid of the limitations of the individualistic psychology, will explore the sights of the vast world of the social and cultural history. The focus of this research for the development of psychology from the individual to the social steering opened up bright prospects brought infinite vitality.

Third, the psychological metaphor Change and psychology

The psychological metaphor changes directly affect the transfer of psychological research object, changing the trajectory of changes in research methods and research orientation change, psychological metaphor reflects the course of the development of psychology, to indicate the direction of development of psychology.

(A) psychological metaphor from the object to the changes back to nature, to achieve the object of psychological research

"Psychology is the scientific study of human psychological phenomena and behavior" is almost a consensus on the study of the psychology, which is also the provisions of the the psychology development direction basic default. However, due to the different schools held different psychological metaphor, psychology study finds also vastly different. Psychoanalysis is no different from people and animals, immersed in the study of intra-individual biological instinct to the formation of the unconscious, and find the cause of the behavior, so much that it reveals the activity patterns of human psychology and behavior, as it is depicted disposable animal activities and laws; behaviorist machine metaphor, addicted to the external behavior and ignore the internal psychological, it describes the coupling between the stimulus and response rule rather than the person's mental activities; cognitive psychology people functional analogy with the computer, the effort to study people's internal cognitive structure, but they ignore the emotional, volitional activities and social life, it is research on the computer rather than the full sense of the people; Humanistic Psychology, adhere people-oriented, the study of human worth and dignity, needs and potential, to achieve a historic turning point in the study of Psychology; social constructionist Psychology regarded as a specific socio-cultural and historical background proactive Construction, real reveal Inherent properties of the people, and pointed out the direction of psychological research and development. From the object to the change, the psychological metaphor reflects the people and arduous exploration of psychological research object, back to nature to achieve the object of psychological research. Only unified the study of psychology to the study of mental activity and behavior of the people in the social history, psychology genre will hopefully end disputes, the unfavorable situation of the theoretical division, to the unity in diversity.

(B) psychological metaphor to promote psychology methodological advances from passive to active transition

Behaviorism, information processing, cognitive psychology hailed the human machine, computer, no essential difference in people's behavior and the behavior of the machine, suited to the machine study natural science research method is also suitable for the study of people. Therefore, in order to pursue a scientific psychology, it is listed among the science, "physics envy" driven, psychology actively follow the example of the research methods of the natural sciences, positivism as a methodological basis of the study, focusing on the accuracy of the study empirical testability. Especially behaviorism, empirical approach play to the extreme degree, adhere to methods and means to determine the trade-offs of research content, does not meet the empirical method of research content, such as consciousness, mental are not included in the scope of the psychological research. However, the psychological phenomenon is unusually rich and complex, is both a natural presence and the presence of a social and cultural. It should be said that the study of the natural attributes of the empirical method of psychological phenomena is successful and effective, has established a sophisticated empirical methodology to obtain a wealth of experimental data, create effective theoretical hypothesis, to expand the academic impact of psychology to enhance the status of the science of psychology. But the face of the psychological phenomenon of social and human attributes, the empirical method is pale and weak, more refined method, the more accurate experimental control more closely, the results are farther away from the psychological reality of life.

Humanism described self-realization, human initiative Zhengming, neither animal nor a machine, but offered to self-realization, to develop their potential living person. Method centered theory to "center theory on" the transfer of a human-centered methodology, research questions to determine research methods. The spokesman for the humanist Maslow advocated beyond the either-or dichotomy of traditional psychology opposition explore suitable object of study to look at the psychology of object-level integration of thinking, methods and topics, motivate psychologists have to think by all means, keep an open mind on the method. Humanistic Psychology is not opposed to the empirical method, the opposition is based on empirical methods to the exclusion of other methods.

Social constructionist Psychology highlights the creativity of the people, the people hailed the initiative to construct the inventor of the world's social, firmly opposed to the hegemony of the physical and chemical research and empirical methods of scientific psychology and enjoy the the human psychology eclectic methodology ideology to the overall On the system concept to replace atomism and the mechanical concept, in order to construct a theory replaced reductionism, advocate the point of view of the social and cultural history to the study of human psychological, the opposition fragmented social and cultural relations, and advocated the diversification of the Psychological Study of diversification and research methods, narrative style, interpretation, constructivist, Structure research strategies and methods to be sure.

(3) psychological metaphor from negative to positive change, contributing to the development of positive psychology

Psychoanalysis, behaviorism, cognitive psychology man hailed as the plant or animal, agreed that negativity is a basic property of human psychology and its behavior, either by instinct or determined by the environment, rendering a pessimistic Human Nature, negative heliocentric theory. Performance psychology research to the negative aspects of the focus on human psychology, emphasizing the prevention and treatment of mental illness, pursuit of psychological predict and control behavior, this negative psychology occupy the dominance of psychology development mode in the entire 20th century. Humanism, the psychological metaphor of social constructivism, highlighting the positive side of human nature, highlighting the psychological enthusiasm, initiative and creativity, and concerned about the positive aspects of the human psyche such metaphor the corresponding psychological research orientation , emphasis on human values ​​and humane care, interpretation of psychology to a new attitude. For the purpose of humanistic psychology in the 1960s to the development of human potential to stimulate the vitality of the people, and to promote the ability and creativity of the people, opened a prelude to the positive psychology to challenge the negative psychology, shaken negative psychological models hegemony, laid the conceptual basis for the rise of the modern positive psychology. The American psychologist seligman and csikszentmihalyi joint in "Introduction to Positive Psychology" published by the American psychologist put up a banner of Positive Psychology, sounded the clarion call to the positive psychology, they declared: "Contemporary psychology now at a new historical period, psychologist plays extremely

Comment: pilgrimage mentality Review Date :2006-3-15 15:41

They declared: "Contemporary psychology is at a new historical period, psychologists play an extremely important role and a new mission, and that is how to promote the development of the individual and society, to help people towards happiness, the healthy development of children, make the family happy, so that employees feel happy and the public bed of roses. "[8] This sonorous Declaration declared a new era - the era of Positive Psychology. It should be acknowledged that the current positive psychology around subjective well-being, self-determinism expand fruitful study [9], but is not a perfect system of psychology, from the theoretical form to the method technology needs fine carved Zhuo. However, the ideas it advocated open up a new orientation to the healthy development of psychology.

(D) psychological metaphor by the individual to the social changes, and to promote the emergence of psychological research in cultural turn

Psychological metaphor from the individual to the social changes, which makes clear the psychological research paradigm shift from the individual to the social, psychological research by "individuals" less psychological perspective to the "social" and "cultural" perspective transformation features individualism of modern psychology ignored psychological, behavioral and socio-cultural association, and even the culture as a "distraction" to explore the psychological, behavioral law, and must be to avoid, eliminate or beyond, the only way can be found across all cultures, universally applicable theory and law. thus the theoretical studies of modern psychology beyond the culture at the expense of a culture, cultural factors as an irrelevant variable or the need to control interference divorced from psychology research horizons. the psychological metaphor by the individual to the social changes as well as the impact of post-modern thought, awakened psychologist cultural awareness, people are more and more clearly aware of human psychology, behavior and culture of harmony with each other interactive, inseparable. culture shock wave magnificent, wide-ranging implications, constitute the psychological development of a beautiful landscape. was thus that psychology is taking place in a "cultural turn" was called after the cognitive revolution after the "cultural revolution" cross-cultural psychology played the prelude to revolution, cultural psychology, has written a new chapter of the revolution, the Cultural Constructionist Psychology this revolution to a climax.

First bold cross-cultural psychology cultural variables introduced into the research into the psychology, the study of cross-cultural comparison, but it does not belong to the scope of the study of the cultural orientation, because it's just a single cultural background was a psychology concepts and theories to be tested on the other's cultural background and purpose still is to find a universal psychological theory suitable for all cultures, their essence is still an entirely empirical paradigm. The Cultural Psychology evade direct cross-cultural comparison concern in a specific cultural context of psychological and cultural construction, emphasized the historical context of social and cultural understanding of human psychology and behavior, focusing on the interaction between the individual and the social and cultural subjective construction of prominent people, a symbol of the cultural connotation of action and social practice. Cultural psychology perspective, the culture has not only an external argument, but intrinsically into human interaction with the environment. A typical application of cultural psychology practice is to emphasize the universal replaced indigenous psychology psychology. If cultural psychology, as the psychological projection of culture, cultural constructivism depends on psychology as a cultural construct "the cultural constructivist discourse as a breakthrough, through discourse analysis reveals the psychological construct course, by interpreting language generation, in essence, meaning, profoundly reveals the basic attributes of psychology as a social and cultural construct, explain human behavior will be the focus of steering external interaction process by internal psychological structure, expand to as an individual and the social, cultural psychology research The relational field [10].

Visible, psychological metaphors and psychology development accompanied always inseparable, psychological metaphor extends psychological theory in the development of the two pavilions, the common description of a magnificent, glorious chapter climaxes development of psychology.

III Pragmatics[U6] 

Pragmatic equivalent translation language translation is from the language to learn the perspective of the practical problems of translation, and understand the problems that the use of language theory to solve the translation practice. Pragmatic school concept translation can be said is an equivalent translation theory, it focuses on the spoken language and artistic language translation. Example can be seen everywhere in the street propaganda slogan "happily go to work, come home safely to common translation:

    Go to work happily, come back home safely.

    Translated Good luck! Actually simple and easy to understand but more people think. This is because with the language of the original sentence, the meaning of the expression out to reach a pragmatic effect pragmatic meaning of meaning in a particular context refers to the language in the process of translation sentences. These words have the following meanings:

    It's getting hot in here. Literally translated as "heat up.[9]

    "This translation is only partially correct, because different context will determine the different communicative intent of the original sentence to achieve different language functions (such as requests, warnings, advice, etc.). These words have the following meanings: If as a direct discourse: heat up here.

    If, as the Pragmatic Implication: ask someone to open the doors and windows.

    As irony: complain about this place is too hot.

    Even more intense, noisy as an analogy: refers to the controversy in the upgrade.

    Coffee, please., In the grocery store: I buy a cup (bottle) coffee.

    If hired at the bar: a cup of coffee.

    If at home: a cup of coffee.

    Visible pragmatic meaning not reveal People say what, but tell people saying this might mean. Pragmatics Context plays a vital role, the words have been translated into another language, the language used is more important meaning than the words themselves have meaning. This translation is called the semantic equivalent translation. For example, a hospitable housewife to receive guests, inadvertently teacup overturned, her husband says with a laugh:

    "You have done a beautiful thing." (Take a look, you're doing a good thing).

    Everyday language we Chinese people often this irony, this Anglo-American and Chinese people have a common way of thinking and expression. Therefore, the language will have equivalent translation.

    Pragmatic Translation and Relevance Theory associated theory Pragmatic Translation of the greatest significance, is that clear emphasis on the study of the process of translation. We know that any kind of translation theory emphasizes the correct understanding of the source language. But natural language discourse can have a variety of understanding, understanding discourse standard assumption of human cognition, human cognitive things principle is the principle of relevance, according to the information associated with them to know things.[10]

    A: Can Mary type? B: She used to be an office secretary. Obviously, the words of the sentence can not be understood in the literal sense alone. By cognitive assumptions to logical inference:

    The 11 secretary conditions one will be typing.

    Mary worked as office secretary.

    31 Mary will be typing.

    This shows that every voice will establish an association can set the standard understanding of a discourse around the association. Different cognitive environment in Western cultural differences, readers of the target language and the source language of the translator in the expression of his understanding, but also to find the best correlation.

    He was fond of talking that his colleagues nick named him "magpie". Sentence "magpie" for "magpie", understood as "nagging, rap cognitive environment of English readers, but the cognitive assume that Chinese readers cognitive environment does not exist. "Magpie" with the happy event in the Chinese Geely, luck associated with the "nagging" unrelated to assume that the most relevant image should twitter "Sparrow" Chinese.

    A rolling stone gathers no moss. Chinese mistakenly translated as: "A rolling stone gathers no moss. Translation seems to say stone due to rolling without bryophyte This "no moss" became a "roll" the benefits, meaning "water does not rot", "Life is movement", but the meaning of the source language is the contrary, the "action" to bring the "consequences" ALD dictionary Definitions for People who change their jobs too frequently or never settles in one place will not succeed or become rich source language is derogatory roll2ing praise moss admonish people to live and work, and often change jobs often move difficult successful career, it is difficult to save money. rolling stone is not a "Rolling Stone" and refers to the "stone".[11]

    31 Context and translation expression correctly translate expression. Target language appropriately expressive and vivid, it is necessary to pay attention to the difference between the English and Chinese languages ​​exist in terms of expression of habit. With Context, appropriate adjustments, do not care about each word in the target language to understand and accessible, approved of the naturalness and fluency.

    It's a gloomy thing, to talk about one 's own past, with the day breaking. Turn me in some other direction be2fore I go. Original translation: "However, when in the morning to talk about personal past, really disappointing.

    Before I left, I go to another direction. "The translation rigidly adhere to the original Sentence term one modeled on the original, not only at the end be able to convey his ideas, and stiff awkward.

    Context premise at dawn to talk about personal past is disappointing, it is not difficult to infer that the below is the meaning of change the subject. This bluntly translated as "before I go to talk about something else, more simple and neat.

    ... And oh, do not pray the throw away your letters and things in the snow like that, and tear out your pockets by the roots. Asked: "Hey, do not write a letter or something so that threw the snow Do pocket full ripped off! "will tear out? by the roots translated as"?? full ripped off "is a mistranslation. In this context refers to the pocket peremptorily turned to pull over. On the kind of translation context to convey his ideas.

    When neighbors heard of the matter, they'd laugh their heads off! Asked: "this thing let the neighbors know it not Xiaodiao the Daya. Chinese often say: "Laugh crooked mouth" or "Dream of the Red Chamber. English said "Xiaodiao the head" Maung away while God together. Consider the cultural context, cultural differences between English and Chinese, in order to conduct a successful translation. Visible translate context should be based on effective communication rely on context because on the one hand, the translator and the author of the source language, on the other hand, effective communication of the translator and asked readers rely on context, both contexts not exactly the same, and to obtain a translation equivalent, the translator must strive to make the basis of the faithful to the original author asked to meet the target context, the same as the original meaning.

    Epilogue

    The complexity and diversity of objects of translation studies, existing sources of translation theory differences due to the translation of this phenomenon, translation studies has not yet formed a unified disciplines. This phenomenon indicates that the phenomenon of translation is not comprehensive enough to be deepened, the introduction of the theory from related disciplines need to draw nutrients from other disciplines. Pragmatic theory is being applied to language teaching, cross-cultural communication, language acquisition, interlingual language research and translation the theoretical guidance role has become increasingly obvious. Pragmatic science research results achieved in various areas of research for Translation Studies scientific method of analysis was applied to translation studies and practice. As stated above, the pragmatic theory applied to translation, the effective practice of translation. And the language used in the process of translation theories have been further tested and refined. In short, the translation application of the theory of pragmatics able to translated masterpiece, more successful completion of the exchange between the author and the translator and the reader.

The linguistics branch of pragmatics for the study of the meaning of language emerging disciplines, is dedicated to the study of language understanding and use of knowledge, research specific words in specific scenarios to study how the context to understand and Using language. Pragmatics different from the syntax research for its own purposes and value, it is about human language itself. Speaker is often not simply in the use of language to express the static sense of language the ingredients and symbol units the hearer usually through a series of psychological inference, to understand the actual intent of the speaker. To achieve real understanding and proper use of a language, just know how to form language pronunciation, vocabulary and grammar is not enough.

Pragmatics another core concept is the significance. The of Mr. He Zhaoxiong (1987), in his language with learning summary of his book: "used in a wide range of language learning definition, the two concepts are very basic, a meaning, and the other is the context." From development viewpoint of pragmatics rise the semantic research development and extension of the results, it can be said that the pragmatics significance. But Pragmatic learn the significance of the study is different from the formal semantics research, it s, tudies the specific meaning is reflected in the language used in a certain context. Therefore, the role of context on meaning in pragmatic research is very important.

Research the use of language in a certain context, including the literal meaning and implication, and the possible effects of the disciplines. The concept of Pragmatics First American philosopher CW Morris (1901 to 1979) and R. the canape (1891 to 1970) before and after the 1930s. In the 1960s, the British philosopher JL Austin (1912 to 1960) and J. Seer Le (1932) has published a "verbal behavior" theory; the American Pragmatic scientist P. Grice put forward the principles of cooperation "session theory. The contribution of these three scholars make Pragmatic learn from concept development to become an independent discipline. More and more English teachers have been aware of the close relationship of language and language learning, English teaching only stay in pronunciation, vocabulary, grammar, and other language knowledge level, students who mastered the standard language, rich vocabulary, correct grammar, nor a good understanding of the language, can not be successful and effective communication. Therefore, in order to accurately understand and use language learners in communication is the use of pragmatic strategies to remove ambiguities and improve the ability to cross-cultural communication.

Although so far, the field of linguistics on pragmatic definition and scope of the school is still no unified opinion, but there is a consensus, that the context is one of the core concepts of pragmatics. A dedicated new disciplines to study the role of context in the communicative process. Normal verbal communication always the specific context, where the context sociable occasions (time, location, etc.), the nature of the communication (topic), communicative participants (the relationship between the objective world understanding and beliefs, past experiences, emotions, etc.) as well as the context. Context direct impact on the understanding and use of the discourse "(Kim Dingyuan, 1992:171). In other words, to determine whether some specific speech acts appropriately pursuant to the context of its use, the left context distortion or lose the meaning of the judgment itself.

The metaphor is a pragmatic phenomenon. Pragmatic Approach to interpret the metaphor first task is to study how to identify and understand the metaphor of this linguistic phenomenon. Readers metaphor identification often done in the subconscious, but this recognition process depends on the following four methods: To observe the metaphor signal; judge the metaphor the originating and target domains; series of metaphors coherent network; experience using the metaphor of intent . Metaphor only in a certain context into its metaphorical understanding of metaphor first depends on the context. Context plays an important role not only metaphorical meaning inferred. And will also impact the amount of information provided by the context of the process of understanding metaphors.

Chapter Four The Translation of the Chinese Idioms on the View of Metaphorical Thinking

I   The differences between English idioms and Chinese idioms

Idioms language is the carrier of culture, and idioms are  the essence of language. Wide idiom meaning of the term generally refers to those commonly used together with a specific form of the phrase, its inherent meaning often can not be derived from the meaning of a single word in the phrase speculate. The Idiom usually including idioms, slang, proverbs, twisters, proverbs, slang, jargon.Beautiful syllables of its manifestations, the temperament coordination, or subtle humor, or serious and elegant, concise, vivid and fun, giving a kind of beauty to enjoy.Idioms are the essence of language, with a strong ethnic color and distinctive cultural connotation.[12]

First, from the religious world. In the West, religion is part of the accounting for the extremely important position in the social life and the ideological and cultural, penetrated into all aspects of social life, customs and culture, then art, to form one of the main cultural characteristics of Western society. There is no doubt, the religious idioms is huge. Example, in 1611, the first edition of the King James Bible translation of "widespread species of the formation of a large number of idioms. These phrases are vivid, and become an important part of modern English. Such as:

(1) the still small voice (the voice of conscience) (4) clear as crystal (clear)

(2) of the earth earthy (Secular matter) (5) a mess of pattage (in front of a small profit)

(3) to live on the fat of the land (life of luxury)

Maxims such as:

(1) Hatred stirreth up strifes but love coveret all sins. (Hate to stir up disputes, love tolerance fault.)

(2) The lip truth shall be established for ever: but a lying tongue is but for a moment (Truthful lips endure circulating BES.)

(3) There shall be no evil happen to the just: but the wicked shall be filled with mischief. (Tongue lies only a moment.)

(4) Man proposes, but God disposes. (Good guys do not recruit disaster wicked curse not escape.)

(5) In the multitude of words there wanteth not sin, but he that refraineth his lips is wise. (Look for a job in person, God disposes.)

(6) As a jewel of gold s in a swine's snout, so is a fair woman which is without discretion. (Woman beautiful without knowledge is like Circle sets in a pig nose.)

From national totem worship.

Han nation is a nation worshiped the dragon. This is because in China, mountains and rivers all over the rolling hills between. In want of the Han nationality, in addition to Long, there is no any other animal used to symbolize these magnificent mountains and rivers. In the ancient low productivity, these rivers irrigate farmland, providing transportation, live in peace and bless people door; will Fanjiangdaohai, causing flash floods bring disaster to the people. Therefore, the dragon is both auspicious symbol is a power and a symbol of conquest, became the worship of the Chinese nation diagram vine. And by dragon many idioms, such as:

(1) Disciple (the later generation)

(2) Ma spirit (appearing one's best)

(3) the hustle and bustle (dragons rising tigers leaping)

(4) hopeful (to wish one's child to be a dragon)

(5) flamboyant (with a beautiful handwriting like flying dragons dancing phoenixes)

British national animal worship is mighty. This may be because they are found in the long-term life of hunting the mighty and majestic lion just like inviolability. It is the king of the jungle, is a strength and a symbol of the unconquerable. Thus the lion as a symbol of the nation. British lion worship in the middle of the English idioms also reflected most vividly. As said openly oppose or contempt for the authorities of one of the others did not dare offend "Beard the lion in his den" by (太岁头上动土); grow up from person-hour performance as "The lion is known by his claws"; person lofty, noble, they said "The lion's skin is never cheap" or "as regal as a lion" To satirize others audacious said, "To put one's head in the lion's mouth "; Reds today can be said to" the lion of the day "; describe something menacing, castration were dying, they say," In like a lion, have out like a lamb ". In addition to this, they brought the Chinese people for sleeping mighty (the sleeping lion). From here we can also see the different ethnic groups living environment, thus observed thinking concluded. [13]

From ethnic customs, traditions and habits.

British national man of few words, focus on pragmatic text name of the world. Its silence is gold (silence is golden) "the formation of character, its geographic and historical reasons. On the one hand, Britain is an island nation surrounded by the sea, sank reticent isolated from one (isolation) reflect psychological.[14] On the other hand, we know that the British family by multiple ethnic mixture. Since the Roman Caesar invaded Britain (Caeser), has "visited" Celtic (Celts), the Anglo - Saxons (Angles-Saxons), Norwegians, Danes (the Vikings), Roma (Normans ) and so has settled down on the island. Between different races, especially the upper nobility, royal is endlessly long struggle to obtain the right to rule. This bloody struggle, the British concluded how to preserve their own experience, that is, "Few words are best. (Less is better). Over time, it became the British a philosophy. These idioms can be said is a reflection of this philosophy of life, such as:

(1) Few words are best. (Less is better)

(2) The less said, the soonest mended. (Loose lips sink ships)

(3) Think today and speak tomorrow. (Want to say tomorrow)

(4) Think much, speak little and writeless. (Think, speak and write less)

(5) Think first, and then speak. (First come, first)

(6) Never show the bottom of your purse or your mind. (Every person is only one-third if not throw a whole heart.)

(7) He knows much who knows to hold his tongue. The (mollified talent wise man; full pot of water does not ring)

(8) When angry, count ten before you speak; if angry, a hundred. (Anger easy to slip of the tongue, think twice)

(9) When the word is in your mouth, it is yours; when it's once spoken, it's another's. (Yiyanjichu, Sima difficult to recover)

(10) To say little and perform much is the characteristic of great mind s. (Talk less do more for ambition)

Han nationality, however, is like the talk of the nation. In ancient times the Warring States Period, "lobbyists", as Zhang Yi, Su Please Qin with "silver-tongued" persuade countries monarch "vertical" and "horizontal" a divided China as a unified China. I think this has to resolve the cross-strait relations is also very referential significance. In Chinese, a lot of praise says idioms such as:

Loquacious (to have ready tongue)

Eloquent (good at speaking and debating)

Eloquent (a nimble tongue)

Chukouchengzhang (to talk beautifully)

Full flight (to talk on and on)

Fluent (quick in answer)

Ling teeth teeth (to have a glib tongue)

Chatting (to talk on all kinds of subjects)

Talk (to indulge in loud and empty talk)

All in all, "talkative" in the eyes of the Chinese people is not a bad thing.

(A) the two peoples have attached great importance to really cherish the time. Just the British speaking efficiency, injection effectiveness, while the Chinese people in real life they are accustomed to leisurely. English-Chinese two peoples of this nation the fashion also recorded their idioms, such as:

(1) Time is money. (Time is money.)

(2) To save time is to lengthen life. (Time is life.)

(3) Time and tide wait for nor man. (When not to treat people.)

(4) Time and words can never be recalled. (Time easy to take it back.)

(5) Time does not bow to you, you must bow to time. (Time and tide wait for no man.)

(6) Time is money, but money is not time. (Time is money, an inch of gold can not buy an inch of time.)

(7) Time past never returns, a moment lost, lost for ever. (Time is gone.)

(8) Waste of time is the most extravagant and costly of all expenses. (Waste of time is the most valuable consumer.)

(9) The busiest men find the most time. (Busy time.)

(C) The British national special pet dog, they have "(similar to the Chinese 'Aiwujiwu')" ethnic fashion, dog place in their hearts, reflected in the idioms:

a lucky dog ​​(lucky)

a gay dog ​​(I like to have fun)

a top dog (top job)

a dumb dog (like silent)

a surly dog ​​(grumpy people)

put on dog (airs)

to help lame dog over a stile (Helping to tide over their difficulties)

There is life in the old dog yet. (Came out)

A good dog reserves a good bone. (Active alumni)

I'm dog tired. (I have accumulated.)

Every dog ​​has its day. (Every dog ​​has his day.)

In contrast, Han nationality of dog there is derogatory. Reflected in the Chinese idiom, such as:

Ungrateful (a beast with the heart of a wolf)

Huqungoudang (a gang of scoundrels)

Dog bites Dongbin (to mistake a good man for a bad one)

Goutoujunshi (a person who offers bad advice)

Dog saw people (to act like a snob)

Gouzhangrenshi (to be a bully under the protection of a powerful 人士)

Han nationality, is a farming nation. In the case of productivity, backward mode of production, farm cattle become productive labor partners. Thus the Han nationality of cattle has a special affection, as the phrase:

Fierce as a bull (stout as a bull)

Willing to serve the old cattle (willing to be old bull)

Willing ox bow (to be a willing bull at children's beck and call)

Irrelevant (ox's heads differs from the horse's mouth to contradicted each other)

Spent nine cattle tigers of legislation (the strength of nine bulls and tigers; with great efforts)

Howling at the moon (to play the cute to a cow; to attempt to explain deep truths to dullperson)

Fourth, from the historical allusions. We can find a lot of reading, there are many idioms derived from historical allusions. Some scriptures processing fixed phrases preserved in written form, some of the spread in the community become slang. Such as in China, there are more obvious allusions. The historical boss Sima Zhao Wei prime minister, long-standing ambition to seek toward usurper, after Weiguo Guo Jun found saying its mind "obvious". Such as "abject apology" said Lin Hsiang-ju interests of the whole historical story of of Lian Po courage to turn over. The phrase "Nothing ventured, nothing gained" from the history of the event classes beyond the Western Regions. In addition, as the phrase is:

"Gloves came off" from the Emperor and the Assassin's story;

"Embattled" from the story of the Xiang Yu Wai Gaixia history;

"Highlighting" from Zhuge Liang Liu Bei and find a story;

"Real or imagined" story from Feishuizhizhan Eastern Jin Dynasty defeated Former Qin;

"Trumped-up" from the Qin framed the story of Yue Fei.

English idioms from the historical allusions are also many examples, such as "bowing downin the house of Rimmon" From Two kings in the Bible, the first part, said the Syrian commander Naaman does not receive medical treatment due to the Prophet Elisha change Religion Biblical allusions. The implication is that Naaman surface still bowed Blessings church stoop (bowing down in the Rimmon), but Rimmon inner heart has past beliefs taught as a pagan. Another example is "doubting Thmas (suspected Thomas, refers to those projects but not the unbelief pregnant advocates)" From the biblical allusions: one of the twelve disciples of Thomas Jesus said that unless saw Jesus the nails of the hands, otherwise he never believe Jesus is still alive. This allusion is used to refer to those who do not experience something not believe that something is real people. Historical events such as "burn, or make a building burn, one's boat (most drastic)" from Caesar crossed the Rs Root River win or give me death; "David and Goliath (David Goliath, David and Goliath)" from the Old Testament a kiss of death (the kiss of death ";", referring to surface-friendly behavior actually entrap people) ".

From literary works, such as the fable, fiction, history, biography.

(A) From fables, such as:

(1) to bell the cat (metaphor courage to take risks, or the courage to come forward in a dangerous moment.) (From "Aesop's Fables");

(2) a wolf in sheep's clothing (batch sheepskin wolf, from "Aesop's Fables").

(3) "Foolish Old Man" from the Liezi - Tom asked;

(4) planing solution of bovine small ", or" Muwuquanniu "From the Zhuangzi - health";

(5) "Destructive Enthusiasm" from "Mencius - Gongsun on";

(6) "the legendary" from "Warring States - Chu policy.

(B) from other literary works:

    Idioms mostly from the works of the literati. For example, in Tao Yuanming's "Peach Blossom Spring" will appear a lot of idioms and idioms: Xanadu, suddenly, Yiran from music and so on. Another example is the "legislator" from the "Han - Jia Yi Chuan;" so many excuses from YuanQu "Yuanyang" ~ ~

As in English, "Homer sometimes nods (good horse stumbles, Homer also nap refers to the great man sometimes inevitably hair mistakes)." From Horace's "Book of Songs". Many idioms of this part, as long as there are usually more careful reading, will be harvested.

From myths and legends. Beautiful deified legend, become the idiom another raw material.

Such as, "Kuafuzhuiri from the" Book of Mountains and Seas - North via overseas reflects the fantasies of our ancestors to conquer nature. Another example is the "Jingwei" from the "Book of Mountains and Seas - North via the same reflects the spirit of the struggle of our ancestors to conquer nature. Another example is the "Eight Immortals, recount," and so on from the myths and legends. English, such as patient a Job (very patient) "comes from the Greek myth;" the sword of Domocles (catastrophe) "from Greek mythology, says is the the Syracusan tyrant Dior mud Hughes a feast, invite their minions Domocles told him to sit monarch bit, and a sword hanging over his head, so that he frightened me. The idiom they become synonymous with "a catastrophe".

The Mr. Wang Zuoliang once said: "do not understand the language of social culture, who can not truly grasp the language". Similarly, in order to truly master the idiom, idioms, cultural exchange and real life to understand the source and origin of the idioms, such use will not go wrong even make a joke.

1 In common

Idioms are a national language is the most exciting. The Idioms showing colorful forms and cultural imagery, reflecting a national culture in all aspects of daily life, social customs, nature, flora and fauna, history, and other allusions. The idiom is a national cultural treasure and crystallization, these features can be said to be a common feature of English Idioms.

Another common feature of English Idioms: they are a relatively stable collocation. Ordinary words with a flexible mix of idioms is fixed, the word's meaning also decided at this with each other, so idiom with the extreme, virtually no flexibility.

2. Cultural differences

(1) survival differences in the environment. The idioms generation is closely related with people's working and living. Britain is an island, maritime industry, once a world leader in history; Han ethnic multiply in the continent of Asia, people's lives can not be separated from the land. Analogy to spend money wasted lavish English is "spend money like water" Chinese "big spenders". English idioms on the boat and water, in the Chinese identical the corresponding idioms, such as the "to rest OnOne 's Tongue Twister B (temporarily take a break), to keep one' s headabove water" (struggling survival), "all at sea" (a loss). [1]

In the Chinese culture, "Dongfeng" that is "Spring Wind", summer, often with intense heat hot linked - from the "scorch like fire", "scorching sun" is the summer the words often used to describe . The United Kingdom is located in the Western Hemisphere is a northern temperate maritime climate, reporting news of spring is westerly, the famous English poet Percy Bysshe Shelley's "Ode to the West Wind" is the Acura Spring. British summer is the season of the warm and inviting, often with "cute", "moderate", "OK" connected.

(2) The customs difference. Differences in English and Chinese Idioms are many, the most

Typical is the attitude of the dog this animal. The dog is a lowly animal in the Chinese. Most of the Chinese dog-related idioms containing derogatory sense: "rascals", "cornered", "ungrateful" and "henchman", despite the number of pet dogs in recent years greatly increased, "status" of the dog seems to have change, but the derogatory image of the dog but will remain deep in the Chinese language and culture. English-speaking countries in the West, the dog was considered to be the most loyal friends of mankind. English idioms about dogs in part due to the influence of other languages ​​and derogatory, most are not derogatory. English idioms, often the image of the dog as a metaphor for human behavior. "You are a luckydog" (you're a lucky guy) "Every dog ​​has hisday (Every dog ​​has his day)," Old dog will not learnnew tricks "(old people can not learn new things). [2] (P140) In contrast, the Chinese people are very fond of cats, with the "the greedy cat" metaphor people gluttonous ingredients, often intimate, in Western culture, "Cats" is used as a metaphor for "harboring evil woman.

(3) differences in religious beliefs. Idioms with religious beliefs also appear in English and Chinese. Buddhism was introduced to China more than a thousand years of history, people believe "Buddha" everything about the human world, and related idioms such as "Jiehuaxianfo", "leisure burn incense, cramming . Similarly, in many Western countries, especially in the United Kingdom and the United States, most people believe in Christianity, "God" has been described to live in the "seven heavens" is the supreme gods, he dominated the spiritual life of the people, many of "God" to save the human stories passed on from generation to generation, natural English idioms many idioms and Christianity are closely related, related idioms such as "Godhelps those who help themselves [3] (P85) (God help help themselves), but also" Go go to the hell "(hell) this curse. It can be seen that the English idioms and Chinese idioms associated with religion.

(4) the historical allusions. Idioms, in both English and Chinese, as well as a large number of historical allusions formed these idioms structure is simple, far-reaching, and often can not be understood from the literal meaning and translation. Such idioms with Chinese cultural background or cultural background, idioms literally contains the names, places, and other ancient Chinese names, place names or ancient Western culture, such as "Crude imitation withludicrous effect" (mere copycat) "Professed love ofwhat one really fears" (genuinely listened to), "To volunteerone's service" (volunteered). English allusions idioms come from the Bible and the Greek and Roman mythology, such as "Achilles'heel" (only fatal weakness), meet one's waterloo "(complete failure)," a pandora's box "[4] (P109) (Pandora's boxes, disaster, trouble, the root causes of the scourge), Sphinx's riddle "(Mystery of the Sphinx, metaphor mystery), the the As wise asSolomon" (like Solomon, intelligent, the analogy very wise.

Third, the conclusion

English idioms with its incisive, image, vivid, firmly established the important position it in English. [5] (P104) in written language, spoken language, English idioms are playing an increasingly significant role in expanding the number and quality are constantly sublimation. Therefore, a correct understanding of the English idioms, accurate grasp of the outstanding problems of the current English learning, the ability to correct it is critical to understand the semantics of English idioms heritage. A wide range of English idioms, has a long history, rich in content. English Idioms is in the form of national cultural characteristics with the English language, is an important part of the English vocabulary. In this paper, the study of cultural differences reflected on the the English idioms source characteristics as well as English and Chinese Idioms is designed to help the reader to better learn English idioms, a more accurate understanding of the meaning of the cultural heritage of English idioms, more fully absorbed the essence of foreign culture.

 

II The Metaphorical Thinking between Chinese and English idioms

The term of Metaphorical derived from the Greek, Western metaphor more systematic research can be traced back to Aristotle, "Poetics" Aristotle: the metaphor is a modification of the grid is the significance of the conversion. In the 1930s, the British rhetorician Richard metaphor interaction theory. He metaphor vocabulary derived new meanings. His point of view so that research into the field of cognitive science, from the direction of the rhetoric of metaphor: the metaphor is not only a linguistic phenomenon, but also a kind of human cognitive thinking activities way. 1980s American scholar Lakoff and Johnson, "our survival metaphor" published metaphorical cognition to a new height. [15]They use in the book between the source domain and target domain mapping theory to reveal the phenomenon of metaphor, metaphor system activities, people's thinking, and express ideas experience humans use their experience in a particular field to understand and explain the other experience in the field of cognitive activity, human perception and the formation of the concept of tools to understand the world around. Subsequently, Lakoff perfect to the theory, proposed conceptual metaphor. The theory is that: the human thought process is based on a metaphor for the human cognitive system is constructed metaphor, conceptual metaphor in a certain cultural formation of a system as a whole, that the concept of metaphor system. Conceptual metaphor is overall mapping across conceptual domains corresponding relationship between the beginning of the source and target domains, the mapping is based on the similarity. For example, the Internet is information highway (the Internet is the information superhighway), of which the internet is the target domain, abstract; highway is the source domain, specifically, in this metaphorical statements, unite in the source domain highway the transmission pathways (cables) ≈ road highway, cyberspace cyberspace ≈ space space, computer telephony, etc., will unite in the knowledge to be mapped to the target domain internet so draw some cognitive transmission path (cables, etc.) computers / telephones ≈ transport vehicles. Precisely the origin of the similarity between the domain and the target domain, the formation of the understanding of the basis of new things.[16]

General Linguistics General Linguistics textbooks will say when it comes to the relationship between language and thought: there are close links between the two, language is a tool for thinking and material shell. Seems to exist between language and thought is such a simple relationship of "dialectical unity", in fact, language and thinking this involves the essence of language learning and language problems has never been no received a satisfactory adequate and clear explanation, one we have been unable to trace exactly germination of hundreds of millions of years ago the original language and cognitive development, and only very limited clues through artifacts, relics, literature, legends go in search of clues about the original language; two modern technology, especially the physiology, psychology and cognitive science has not yet developed to the point to reveal the "black box" mysteries of the human brain, the human brain mechanisms and language mechanisms only by the children's language acquisition and pathological linguistics ways to explore . Precisely the reasons mentioned above, each of the theories about the relationship between language and thought seem unable to provide sufficient grounds for us to believe that the relationship between language and thought, Plato's theory of ideas, Sapir and Wolf hypothesis, Steven Pinker's "language" of thinking as well as some other well-known theories are unable to escape this fate at the mercy of, so this problem seems to have been caught up in the argument first, the chicken and egg, the first egg chicken Strange Cycle .[17]

However, in recent decades the development of psychology, philosophy, anthropology, linguistics and cognitive science may provide a new perspective for us-depth knowledge and understanding of the relationship between language and thought, metaphor and metaphorical thinking is one such possible bring inspiring sense of perspective.

As a metaphor of the rhetoric has been for more than 2,000 years of history, but the 20th century, the metaphor is more a multidimensional research topics across disciplines, such as psychology, philosophy, literary theory, linguistics discussed in this article in metaphor thinking is based on a research background.

Metaphor in the field of view of the average person as a figure of speech exists, the initial study of metaphor is based on this thinking. Aristotle << the Poetics >> << Rhetoric >> earliest metaphor to make systemic elaborate, he believes that the metaphor is used to refer to the name of something other things, it can be divided into four switch: to the species from the object class object class from species to species, from A to B species, analogy, metaphor main function is decorative role the unexpected aesthetic effect to article. Ancient Greek metaphors such rhetoric has continued to the present, during which Cicero, Horace, Lang Ji dull Adams, Quintilian Lee Fang Daniel, Jeffrey, Wordsworth, Shelley, etc. had thoroughly explored the nature and function of metaphor, the advent of such articles sporadic until today, the metaphor still is an important research objects of of modern Rhetoric, Stylistics and Stylistics.[18]

2.2 1930s, literary theorist I. A. Richards asked the interaction theory implicit metaphor is the result of the interaction of thrust and ways conceptual incompatibility exists between the two. Max Black in Richards research based on a comprehensive exposition of the interaction theory, his metaphor two concepts are called "theme" and "sub-title" both self-contained, interaction, thereby activating the obedient people's day-to-day concept of system ; "sub-title" Lenovo meaning projected onto the "theme" will form a metaphor. Cohen equal attention to research metaphor from a semantic point of view, that metaphors can only be explained from the semantic theory, his method of analysis with semantic features Cancel sentence metaphor sentences to determine sentence is canceled reasoning features. J. Searle advocate with broad language school angle to explore metaphor mechanisms, he absorbed HPGrice discourse theory and language communication theory, the definition of metaphor and nature on the particular context interpretation that any neglect of contextual factors metaphorical definitions are incomplete.

Black, Cohen et al study of metaphor is certainly better than a more profound and comprehensive understanding of Aristotle, even Metaphoric competence (1995) Black's "interaction theory" is by far the most advanced theory of metaphor, but there is a The fact is unavoidable, both Aristotle "analogy theory, Black's" interaction theory ", Searle's semantic features cancel" are always the perspective and level of research on the language itself, even Searle has tentacles stretched like a pragmatic level is also true.[19]

2.3 Richards Although I do not have a vision beyond language areas, but his theories and perspectives opened a prelude to human cognitive function of metaphor. "This trend is accompanied by linguistic turn of Western philosophy clearer The growing number of philosophers, linguists, psychologists, cognitive scientists into the magical world of metaphor, thus showing a multi-level, multi-angle trend. Metaphor study of European and American scholars in the 1970s and even reached the point of fanatical, appear called Metaphormania (metaphor fanatical), Michael Reddy, George Lakoff, William Nagy, Mark Jahnson RWLangacker is one of the best. Research perspective, method, mode, channels of the same, but are no longer, as the metaphor for a mere rhetorical phenomenon, but to see it as cognitive tools, on a broader level to explore the metaphor of human cognition and an important role in the social activities.

III The Translation Methods from the Point of View on the Metaphorical Thinking

1 .Literal translation[U7] 

The so-called literal translation, refers to the target language without violating the norms and do not cause the wrong associations or misunderstood conditions, the analogy to retain the original idiom, style, image and national and local color, in accordance with the literal meaning of its text translated directly method.[20]

Next, we look at an example:

不入虎穴焉得虎子。

Asked one: How can you catch tiger cubs without entering the tiger's lair?

Asked two: Nothing venture, nothing have.

Asked one and asked two, we can easily see the translation two lost the original image was not as good as asked one is more specific and vivid.

The following Chinese idioms can be literal processing, not only did not lose the image of the original, translated with the original vivid. Such as:

1 装死  play dead

2 打草惊蛇  to stir up the grass and alert the snake

3 冷嘲热讽  burning satire and freezing irony

4 和风细雨  like "a gentle breeze and a mild rain"

5 深入研究  in-depth study

6 掌上明珠  a pearl in the palm

7 借刀杀人  murder with a borrowed knife

8 指桑骂槐  cursing the oak-tree when they mean the ash

9 守口如瓶  to keep one’s mouth closed like a bottle

10 玩火自焚  to get burnt by the fire kindled by oneself

2 .Applying method[U8] 

Of course, not every Chinese idioms can literal translation. Someone will "confidently" translated as "to have a bamboo in his stomach". In fact, the original intent of the "confidence" means the the painter before bamboo paintings, bamboo image has been etched in his mind, and has been used as a metaphor to do things before fully considering confidently. If translated literally, not only foreign readers looked confused, and even we saw dumbfounding. Therefore, we should adopt other translation methods, you can find a similar sense of the idiom sets of translated directly in English, translated as: "to have a card up one's sleeve.[21]

Like this staying the the English similar significance idioms translate method, called the set of translation.

There are basically in line in terms of content, form and color idioms, English idioms, they not only have the same meaning or hidden meaning, and have the same or very similar image or metaphor. Although the basic corresponding not equal completely on, but the translation is generally a direct translation. Such as:

1 半斤八两  six of one and half a dozen of the other

2 火上加油  pour oil on the flame

3 无风不起浪  no smoke without fire

4 旁观者清  the onlooker sees most of the game

5 来自五湖四海  hail from all corners of the country

6 耳闻为虚,眼见为实  seeing is believing

7 浑水摸鱼  fish in troubled waters

8 破釜沉舟 to burn one's boat

9 未雨绸缪  provide for a rainy day

10 以眼还眼,以牙还牙  an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth

But some inconsistencies in meaning or usage of some Chinese idioms and English idioms, but there are still common, some idioms can still sets translation, this translation should be depending on the specific circumstances.

1 小题大做  make a mountain out of a molehill

2 隔墙有耳  walls have ears

3 厚颜无耻  as bold as brass

4 小题大做  make a mountain out of a molehill

5 掩耳盗铃  bury one's head in the sand

6 掌上明珠  apple of somebody's eye

7 一针见血  hit the nail on the head

8 五十步笑百步  the pot calls the kettle black

9 站着茅坑不拉屎  a dog in the manger

10 心有余而力不足  the spirit is willing but the flesh is weak

Chinese and English, there are some idioms although on the surface have a lot in common, but in the overall and the actual transmitter similarities little or nothing in common. Such as:

1 食言 go back on one's word; break one's promise

2 拉后腿  pull somebody's leg

3 狗咬狗  dog eat dog

4 抛砖引玉  throw a spra to catch a whale

5 同床异梦  stange bedfellows

6 差之毫厘,谬以千里  a miss is as good as a mile

Sets of translation, often bring a liveliness and intimacy to the reader, but using a set of translation, pay attention to the national and local characteristics is appropriate translations reserved. With a strong ethnic local color or the allusions idioms to try to avoid each other to apply the original idiom so as not to lose the original national characteristics and exotic, and the context of the original formation of the contradictions. Translated as "make bricks without straw.", If translated as "one can't make bricks without straw" with too strong western color, it is better to be literally translated as "even the cleverest housewife can not cook a meal without rice" To well.

3.Free translation[U9] 

Not all idioms can be literally translated in English Translation, nor is it able to find the corresponding translation sets translation, then we can be flexible according to the actual meaning of the idiom translated Chinese idiom meaning expressed. Such as:

1 眉飞色舞  to beam with joy

2 落花流水  to be shattered to pieces

3 粗枝大叶  to be crude and careless

4 大张旗鼓  on a large and spectacular scale

5 灯红酒绿  dissipated and luxurious

6 单枪匹马  to be single-handed in doing something

7 逼上梁山  be forced to do something

8 水深火热  live in great misery

9 开门见山  to come straight to the point

10 无孔不入  to take advantage of every weakness

4.Omitted method[U10] 

Chinese idioms, some idioms used in conjunction, from the to beautify tone, form and emphasis in rhetorical available If this happens translation omitted to avoid superfluous sense. Such as:

1 铜墙铁壁  bastion of iron

2 面黄肌瘦  emaciated

3 贪官污吏  corrupt officials

4 长吁短叹  to sigh deeply

5 油头粉面  highly-painted

5.Add method[U11] 

Sometimes, in order to more clearly express the intent, to help readers more fully understand the original meaning of the Chinese idiom, to add some instructions in the translation of idioms. Sometimes, in order to combine the context requires, in the translation to add some of the description are not words. Such as:

1 他们的后台总是靠不住的,一旦树倒猢狲散,全局就改观了

  Their wire-pulling bosses are not reliable; once the tree falls, the monkeys on it will flee helter-skelter, and the whole situation will change.

"Collapse and disappear" in this sentence is translated as "once the tree falls, the monkeys on it will flee helter-skelter", add the word "helter-skelter", "embarrassed", "panic" to explain original although no word has its meaning, the prominent image, sound and color.

   2)三个臭皮匠,赛过诸葛亮

      The wit of three cobblers combined surpassed that of Zhuge Liang, the master mind.

The sentence add "the master mind", so that the different ethnic groups, and a better understanding of different cultures readers.

3)种种困难,遇到共产党人,它们就只好退却,真是高山也要低头,河水也要让路

Every kind of difficulty has to give way before Communists, just as in the saying, "Mountains bow their heads and rivers make way."

This sentence added "the alpine have to bow" phrase idioms and front of content, the river should make way for although the contact in the sense, but there is no specific word to link them, adding "as the saying goes" you can asked to be able to combine better.

In short, in the translation of Chinese idioms should be in accordance with the principle of loyal and fluent, try to keep the original image, metaphor, style and culture, can be literally translated should be a literal translation. Not literal, we can not because of the word harm the righteous, it should translate its practical significance, such as can be found in the English sense of complete reciprocity idioms, this set can also be used translation. General, Formal Style, Chinese idioms multi-image verbatim, informal style, the use of a simple translation of that effect. (Other Words, 2002:112) as idioms and Chinese idioms can also be in compliance with this English translation

Chapter Five Conclusion[U12] 

I  Major Findings

Idiom Translation in the real in-depth research metaphorical thinking, combined with mainly cognitive linguistics, psychology, pragmatic science, supplemented, do multidisciplinary investigation, metaphorical thinking in English and Chinese idioms to translate qualitative analysis.

II  Implications

The materials which I have read are limited, and the subject is targeted that is not applied for every aspect,

III Recommendations for Future Research

In summary, the idiom crystallization of the wisdom and efforts of several generations of users is very expressive language factors, it is not only the essence of language, or the language of the various features of the concentrated expression. Above us talked about some Chinese idiom translation, but in practice, but no formula can be applied directly, often the same idiom will be applied in a variety of different translation method to deal with in a different context. Meanwhile, the various characteristics of idioms caused difficulties of translation of idioms, both fluent authentic but also do the faithful to the original, it is not easy to do. In my opinion, in order to accurately translate English idioms, we must have some knowledge of the history and culture of the Sino-British. To ensure the quality of the translation, the broad range of British culture is very necessary. Except, of course, usually on the accumulation of the Sino-British cultural background, should be strengthened understanding of translation theory, what is the nature and purpose of the hearts clearly translated. At different times, in the face of a different audience, you can also be in the modus operandi of translation of the preferred. Times are ahead, the field of view of the reader's experience in the constantly widening, there are more opportunities to receive new things, the degree of tolerance of different cultures will also change over time, so I think the most important thing is to have a serious attitude, according to the principle of unity of form and content in different specific make flexible processing, trial and error, scrutiny, kept observation, correct idiom translation, can really do a good job and really become a good translator!


参考文献



[1]苏岚. 隐喻研究的发展、现状及影响》 [M]贵州民族学院学报2011.4 :P2 4

[2]束定芳. 隐喻学研究[M]. 上海: 上海外语教育出版社,20001-3

[3]陈明芳. 惯用语认知机制及其词汇语义特征[J]. 外语教学,2006( 1) :30 33

[4]王寅.    《认知语言学》 [M]  上海外语教育出版社2009 2   P286--296

[5]胡壮麟. 认知隐喻学[M]. 北京: 北京大学出版社,200432

[6]陈家旭. 英汉隐喻认知对比研究[M]. 上海: 学林出版社,200722

[7]君明,陈象明. 惯用语理解的心理语言学研究[J]. 心理科学,1998( 21) :62 66

[8]佘贤君. 惯用语理解的心理机制[J].心理学动态,19975( 3) : 2535455565

[9]佘贤君,宋歌,张必隐. 预测性: 语义倾向性对惯用语理解的影响[J]. 心理学报,200032( 2) :203 209

[10]朱风云,张辉. 熟语语义的加工模式与其影响因素[J].外语研究,2007( 4) :8 15

[11]张辉,季锋.对熟语语义结构解释模式的探讨[J]. 外语与外语教学,2008( 9) :1 7

[12]於奇.世界习语文化研究[M].郑州:大象出版社,2003,10-11

[13]陈文伯.英语成语与汉语成语[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社,1982,25

[14]冯庆华.实用翻译教程[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社,1997.7-8

[15]孙海运,方如玉.英语成语来龙去脉[M].北京:中国对外翻译出版公司,1989.14

[16]黄景明.英语通俗习语精选[M].南京:南开大学出版社,2003.18

[17]陈文伯.英语成语与汉语成语[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社,1982.25

[18]宋天锡,2007,《翻译新概念英汉互译使用教程》。国防工业出版社,第313页。

[19]汪福祥,2007,《汉译英中的习语翻译》。外文出版社,第31页。

[20]魏志成,2006,《汉英比较翻译教程》。清华大学出版社,第161.

[21] Libben R.M.;TitoneDAThe Multidetermined Nature of Idiom ProcessingJ.Memory and Cognition200836( 6) :1103 1121

1.  你的论文几乎都是语法错误,太多了,看不懂呀!

2.  论文的格式不规范,仔细阅读我给你的研究生写作要求,一句话一句话的读要求

3.  文件名的命名按照要求命名

4.  ※ 引文的出处混乱,首先在正文中安顺序排列,然后在参考文献中意义对应列出,并必须具体到页码

5.  文章还需要做很多大的修改,具体见文中的批注


 [U1]重写。这部分是你自己的论文的主要内容的概述,500字左右

 [U2]要求3-8个关键词

 [U3]这是英语论文,所以从开篇就全是英文,包括:“目录、摘要” 都用英语,并在目录中写出出英语摘要汉语摘要(都用英文写);目录和文中的“引言”部分全删除

Chapter one 中的III 部分删除,放到结论部分

第四章的III下面分别列到三级标题

II 改为The Differences of ………

目录必须全英,包括参考文献,成果,后记

 [U4]用语言阐述

 [U5]这部分太冗长,简述,阐述和你的论文相关联的心理学部分

 [U6]修改意见同上

 [U7]把例子与理论结合分析不充分

 [U8]同上

 [U9]同上

 [U10]同上

 [U11]同上

 [U12]这一章重写

关于我们  |  诚聘英才  |  联系我们  |  友情链接
版权所有:@ 智尚代写联盟 电话:0760-86388801 客服QQ:875870576
地址: 广东中山市学院路1号 皖ICP备12010335号-7
  • 論文作成開始報告書
  • 西语作业代写PLANIFICACI&
  • 西班牙语作业代写PLANIFICAC
  • 高等教育科学研究项目立项指南
  • Reason for applica
  • 日语学位论文开题报告代写
  • 翻译硕士(英语笔译及英语口译)学位论
  • 中国现当代文学翻译的现状与问题
  • 文学翻译新观念
  • 找人代写硕士论文,要求写手至少硕士学
  • 重复提取促进长期记忆保持和意义学习的
  • 艺术院校内容依托英语教学的实证研究
  • 基于概念场的认知框架中的概念隐喻分析
  • 多元回归统计建模在语料库语言学中近义
  • paper6工作室专注留学生论文代写
  • 德语医学论文标题汉译的编辑加工
  • 高职韩语专业毕业论文的问题分析
  • develop communicat
  • VICTORIA UNIVERSIT
  • 日本地址电话
  • 英语动词现在时与将来时呼应的认知解读
  • 核心素养与英语课堂教学
  • 新国标下商务英语精读内容与语言融合型
  • 语言生态学视阈下美国语言教育政策研究
  • 应用技术型民族院校的大学英语教学改革
  • 圣诞节西班牙语
  • 基于区域经济发展的分类递进式大学英语
  • MOOC对高校专业课教学的效能研究
  • 西班牙语论文代写
  • 实习报告写作要求规范细则
  • 茶本体的开发,实现和评估
  • Anaylse des Leben
  • um Material,was ge
  • TEXTOS WEB ACOCEX
  • praktische WurzelS
  • FAQ vom Würzelschn
  • 中国饮食文化法国饮食文化
  • 中国春节特色法国圣诞节
  • 英韩翻译案例
  • 中国自動車産業の現状と課題 -環境保
  • 战争的结构
  • 法语论文修改意见
  • reference 代写
  • A proposal submitt
  • Gründe der erfolge
  • 工业翻译中译英考试题目
  • Introduction to en
  • 从汉法主要颜色词汇的文化内涵看两国文
  • Un problème chez &
  • INTERNATIONAL AND
  • IHRM Individual re
  • НАЦИОНАЛЬНО-КУЛЬТУ
  • ТЕОРЕТИЧЕСКИЕ ОСНО
  • SPE会议论文翻译
  • Project Proposal 地
  • 中国意大利家用电器领域合作的可能性和
  • Career Goal与Career
  • Caractéristiques e
  • L'influence de l'S
  • 英语口语教学改革途径测试与分析
  • 语用学理论与高校英语阅读教学
  • 日本语研究计划书写作申请
  • To Whom it May Con
  • 译文中英对照葡萄酒产品介绍
  • 韩国传统用餐礼节
  • 日本語の暧昧語婉曲暧昧性省略表現以心
  • 研究计划书写作要求
  • Outline Impact of
  • 计算机工程与网络技术国际学术会议EI
  • 微软的人脸3D建模技术 Kinect
  • Qualitative resear
  • 新闻的感想
  • 与老师对话的测验
  • 韩语论文修改意见教授老师
  • 华南师范大学外国语言文化学院英语专业
  • APA论文写作格式
  • the surrounding en
  • Современное состоя
  • CHIN30005 Advanced
  • The APA Harvard Sy
  • Annotated Bibiolgr
  • Acker Merrall & Co
  • 资生堂进入中国市场的经营策略
  • Introduction to Pu
  • 软件测试Introduction t
  • Pro Ajax and java
  • 用户体验The user exper
  • AJAX Design Patter
  • The Rich Client Pl
  • Keyframer Chunks
  • 3D-Studio File For
  • Mathematics for Co
  • The Linux MTD, JFF
  • 中日体态语的表现形式及其差异
  • CB 202 System Anal
  • 论日本恐怖电影与好莱坞恐怖片的异同
  • 俄语论文修改
  • 古典诗歌翻译英语论文资料
  • <한중
  • 公司治理(Corporate Gov
  • 英语习语翻译中的移植与转换
  • 日语(上) 期末复习题
  • ACTIVIDAD CORRESPO
  • 리더&#
  • 购物小票翻译
  • 论文摘要翻译英文
  • Bedeutung der Prod
  • ELABORACIÓN
  • 英语考卷代写代做
  • 日本語の感情形容詞の使用特徴——ドラ
  • 未来創造学部卒業研究要領
  • 光之明(国际)低碳产品交易中心介绍
  • 中国の茶文化と日本茶道との比較—精神
  • 목차
  • Final Project Grad
  • 東京学芸大学>センターなど教員許 夏
  • 東京学芸大学 大学院教育学研究科(修
  • 白澤論
  • ポスト社会主義モンゴルにおけるカザフ
  • 言語と色彩現象—史的テクストをもとに
  • 渡来人伝説の研究
  • 中日企业文化差异的比较
  • Modellierung des B
  • 日本大学奖学金申请
  • 大学日语教师尉老师
  • 석사&#
  • Chemical Shift of
  • 中韩生日习俗文化比较
  • Measure of Attachm
  • 酒店韩国客人满意度影响因素研究
  • 要旨部分の訂正版をお送りします
  • Writing and textua
  • 日本企業文化が中国企業にもたらす啓示
  • 日本情报信息专业考试题
  • 雅丽姿毛绒时装有限公司网站文案(中文
  • 語用論の関連性理論「carston」
  • 組織行動と情報セキュリティ.レポート
  • Bedarf
  • 中日企业文化差异的比较
  • 从语形的角度对比中日“手”语义派生的
  • 中国明朝汉籍东传日本及其对日本文化的
  • 《中日茶道文化比较》
  • 从中日两国电视剧看中日文化之差异
  • FOM Hochschule für
  • Die Rolle der Bank
  • A Penny for Your T
  • 也谈ガ行鼻浊音的语音教学问题
  • On the Difference
  • 衣装は苗族の伝統文化の主な表現形式
  • 日语语言文学硕士论文:日本の义务教育
  • 日本的茶文化
  • Samsung Electronic
  • Synthesis and char
  • The traveling mark
  • The Japanese Democ
  • 四季の歌
  • CapitoloI La situa
  • The Effects of Aff
  • WEB服务安全保障分析
  • 音译汉语和英语的相互渗透引用
  • 中日两国服装贸易日语论文写作要求
  • 日语论文修改意见
  • 英语作文题目
  • 申请留学社会经验心得体会
  • BE951 Coursework O
  • Overview township
  • 日本の長寿社会考察
  • 日语老师教师电话联系方式
  • 「依頼」に対する中上級者の「断り」に
  • 日本語序論
  • component formatti
  • 日文文献资料的查阅方法
  • 日文文献资料的查阅方法
  • 日语文献检索日文文献搜索网站
  • 日本留学硕士及研究生的区别硕士申请条
  • Adult attachment s
  • レベルが向上する中国の日本学研究修士
  • 日本留学硕士(修士)与研究生的区别
  • Nontraditional Man
  • Engine Lathes
  • Automatic Screw M
  • Chain Drives
  • V-belt
  • Bestimmung der rut
  • 中山LED生产厂家企业黄页大全
  • 活用神话的文化背景来看韩国语教育方案
  • MLA論文格式
  • 旅游中介
  • MLA论文格式代写MLA论文
  • 小論文參考資料寫作格式範例(採APA
  • clothing model; fi
  • 共同利用者支援システムへのユーザー登
  • 太陽風を利用した次世代宇宙推進システ
  • RAO-SS:疎行列ソルバにおける実
  • 井伏鱒二の作品における小動物について
  • 從“老祖宗的典籍”到“現代科學的証
  • “A great Pecking D
  • 净月法师简历
  • 科技论文中日对照
  • 翻译的科技论文节选
  •  IPY-4へ向ける準備の進み具合
  • 論文誌のJ-STAGE投稿ʍ
  • Journal of Compute
  • 学会誌 (Journal of Co
  • 学会誌JCCJ特集号への投稿締切日の
  • 「化学レポート:現状と将来」
  • 韩语翻译个人简历
  • 九三会所
  • 事態情報附加連体節の中国語表現につい
  • International Bacc
  • HL introduction do
  • コーパスを利用した日本語の複合動詞の
  • 日语分词技术在日语教材开发中的应用构
  • 北極圏環境研究センター活動報告
  • 语用学在翻译中的运用
  • 日汉交替传译小议——从两篇口译试题谈
  • 総合科学専攻における卒業論文(ミニ卒
  • Heroes in August W
  • 玛雅文明-西班牙语论文
  • 西班牙语论文-西班牙旅游美食建筑
  • 八戸工業大学工学部環境建設工学科卒業
  • 親の連れ子として離島の旧家にやって来
  • 「米ソ協定」下の引揚げにおいて
  • タイトル:少子化対策の国際比較
  • メインタイトル:ここに入力。欧数字は
  • 東洋大学工学部環境建設学科卒業論文要
  • IPCar:自動車プローブ情報システ
  • Abrupt Climate Cha
  • Recognition of Eco
  • Complexities of Ch
  • Statistical Analys
  • Dangerous Level o
  • 中日对照新闻稿
  • 俄汉语外来词使用的主要领域对比分析
  • 两种形式的主谓一致
  • 韩语论文大纲修改
  • 중국&#
  • 俄语外来词的同化问题
  • 北海道方言中自发助动词らさる的用法与
  • 论高职英语教育基础性与实用性的有机结
  • 论高职幼师双语口语技能的培养
  • 论高职幼师英语口语技能的培养
  •     自分・この眼&
  • 成蹊大学大学院 経済経営研究科
  • アクア・マイクロ
  • 公共経営研究科修士論文(政策提言論文
  • 基于学习风格的英语学习多媒体课件包
  • 后殖民时期印度英语诗歌管窥
  • 汉语互动致使句的句法生成
  • 笔译价格
  • 携帯TV電話の活用
  • 英語学習におけるノートテイキング方略
  • 強化学習と決定木によるエージェント
  • エージェントの行動様式の学習法
  • 学習エージェントとは
  • 強化学習と決定木学習による汎用エージ
  • 講演概要の書き方
  • 对学生英语上下义语言知识与写作技能的
  • 英汉词汇文化内涵及其翻译
  • 论大学英语教学改革之建构主义理论指导
  • 国内影片片名翻译研究综观及现状
  • 平成13年度経済情報学科特殊研究
  • Comparison of curr
  • 英文论文任务书
  • This project is to
  • the comparison of
  • デジタルペンとRFIDタグを活用した
  • 無資格者無免許・対策関
  • 創刊の辞―医療社会学の通常科学化をめ
  • gastric cancer:ade
  • 揭示政治语篇蕴涵的意识形态
  • 试论专业英语课程项目化改革的可行性
  • 多媒体环境下的英语教学交际化
  • 翻译认知论
  • 读高桥多佳子的《相似形》
  • 以英若诚对“Death of A S
  • 论沈宝基的翻译理论与实践
  • 论语域与文学作品中人物会话的翻译
  • 浅析翻译活动中的文化失衡
  • 谈《傲慢与偏见》的语言艺术
  • 论语言结构差异对翻译实效性的影响
  • 英语传递小句的认知诠释
  • 英语阅读输入的四大误区
  • 在语言选择中构建社会身份
  • 私たちが見た、障害者雇用の今。
  • 震災復興の経済分析
  • 研究面からみた大学の生産性
  • 喫煙行動の経済分析
  • 起業の経済分析
  • 高圧力の科学と技術の最近の進歩
  • 「観光立国」の実現に向けて
  • 資源としてのマグロと日本の動向
  • 揚湯試験結果の概要温泉水の水質の概要
  • 計量史研究執筆要綱 
  • 日中友好中国大学生日本語科卒業論文
  • 제 7 장
  • 전자&
  • 現代國民論、現代皇室論
  • 記紀批判—官人述作論、天皇宗家論
  • 津田的中國觀與亞洲觀
  • 津田思想的形成
  • 反思台灣與中國的津田左右吉研究
  • 遠隔講義 e-learning
  • 和文タイトルは17ポイント,センタリ
  • Design And Impleme
  • Near-surface mount
  • 중국 &
  • 韩国泡菜文化和中国的咸菜文化
  • 무한&#
  • 수시 2
  • 韩流流向世界
  • 무설&#
  • 要想学好韩语首先得学好汉语
  • 사망&#
  • Expression and Bio
  • Increased Nuclear
  • 论女性主义翻译观
  • 健康食品の有効性
  • 日语的敬语表现与日本人的敬语意识
  • 日语拒否的特点及表达
  • Solve World’s Prob
  • 韩汉反身代词“??”和“自己”的对比
  • 韩汉量词句法语义功能对比
  • 浅析日语中的省略现象
  • 浅谈日语中片假名的应用
  • 土木学会論文集の完全版下印刷用和文原
  • 英语语调重音研究综述
  • 英汉语言结构的差异与翻译
  • 平等化政策の現状と課題
  • 日本陸軍航空史航空特攻
  • 商务日语专业毕业生毕业论文选题范围
  • 家庭内暴力の現象について
  • 敬语使用中的禁忌
  • Treatment of high
  • On product quality
  • Functional safety
  • TIDEBROOK MARITIME
  • 日文键盘的输入方法
  • 高职高专英语课堂中的提问策略
  • 对高校学生英语口语流利性和正确性的思
  • 二语习得中的文化错误分析及对策探讨
  • 高职英语专业阅读课堂教学氛围的优化对
  • 趣谈英语中的比喻
  • 浅析提高日语国际能力考试听力成绩的对
  • 外语语音偏误认知心理分析
  • 读格林童话《小精灵》有感
  • “新世纪”版高中英语新课教学导入方法
  • 初探大学英语口语测试模式与教学的实证
  • 中加大学生拒绝言语行为的实证研究
  • 目的论与翻译失误研究—珠海市旅游景点
  • 对学生英语上下义语言知识与写作技能的
  • 英语水平对非英语专业研究生语言学习策
  • 英语教学中的文化渗透
  • 中学教师自主学习角色的一项实证研究
  • 叶维廉后期比较文学思想和中诗英译的传
  • 钟玲中诗英译的传递研究和传递实践述评
  • 建构主义和高校德育
  • 论习语的词法地位
  • 广告英语中的修辞欣赏
  • 从奢侈品消费看王尔德及其唯美主义
  • 论隐喻的逆向性
  • 企盼和谐的两性关系——以劳伦斯小说《
  • 论高等教育大众化进程中的大学英语教学
  • 试论《三四郎》的三维世界
  • 李渔的小说批评与曲亭马琴的读本作品
  • 浅谈中国英语的表现特征及存在意义
  • 湖南常德农村中学英语教师师资发展状况
  • 海明威的《向瑞士致敬》和菲茨杰拉德
  • 围绕课文综合训练,培养学生的写作能力
  • 指称晦暗性现象透析
  • 西部地区中学生英语阅读习惯调查
  • 论隐喻的逆向性
  • 认知体验与翻译
  • 试析英诗汉译中的创造性
  • 言语交际中模糊语浅议
  • 认知体验与翻译
  • 关于翻译中的词汇空缺现象及翻译对策
  • 从互文性视角解读《红楼梦》两译本宗教
  • 从目的论看中英动物文化词喻体意象的翻
  • 高校英语语法教学的几点思考
  • 高校体艺类学生外语学习兴趣与动机的研
  • 大学英语自主学习存在的问题及“指导性
  • 从接受美学看文学翻译的纯语言观
  • 《红楼梦》两种英译本中服饰内容的翻译
  • 法语对英语的影响
  • 影响中美抱怨实施策略的情景因素分析
  • 代写需求表
  • 跨文化交际中称赞语的特点及语言表达模
  • 实现文化教育主导外语教育之研究
  • 试论读者变量对英语阅读的影响
  • 从文化的角度看英语词汇中的性别歧视现
  • 合作原则在外贸函电翻译中的运用
  • Default 词义探悉
  • 从图示理论看英汉翻译中的误译
  • 许国璋等外语界老前辈所接受的双语教学
  • “provide” 和 “suppl
  • 由英汉句法对比看长句翻译中的词序处理
  • 1000名富翁的13条致富秘诀中英对
  • 英语中18大激励人心的谚语中英对照
  • 反省女性自身 寻求两性和谐---评
  • 浅析翻译中的“信”
  • 集体迫害范式解读《阿里》
  • 横看成岭侧成峰-从美学批评角度解读《
  • 福柯的话语权及规范化理论解读《最蓝的
  • 播客技术在大学英语教学中的应用
  • 如何在山区中等专业学校英语课堂实施分
  • 奈达与格特翻译理论比较研究
  • 语篇内外的衔接与连贯
  • Economic globaliza
  • 用概念整合理论分析翻译中不同思维模式
  • 英语新闻语篇汉译过程中衔接手段的转换
  • 对易卜生戏剧创作转向的阐释
  • 动词GO语义延伸的认知研究
  • 反思型教师—我国外语教师发展的有效途
  • 输入与输出在词汇学习中的动态统一关系
  • 教育实践指导双方身份认同批判性分析
  • 中英商务文本翻译异化和归化的抉择理据
  • 从艺术结构看《呼啸山庄》
  • 从儒家术语“仁”的翻译论意义的播撒
  • 论隐喻与明喻的异同及其在教学中的启示
  • 话语标记语的语用信息在英汉学习型词典
  • 论森欧外的历史小说
  • 翻译认知论 ——翻译行为本质管窥
  • 中美语文教材设计思路的比较
  • 美国写作训练的特点及思考
  • UP语义伸延的认知视角
  • 成功的关键-The Key to S
  • 杨利伟-Yang Liwei
  • 武汉一个美丽的城市
  • 对儿童来说互联网是危险的?
  • 跨文化交际教学策略与法语教学
  • 试论专业英语课程项目化改革的可行性-
  • 论沈宝基的翻译理论与实践
  • 翻译认知论——翻译行为本质管窥
  • 母爱的虚像 ——读高桥多佳子的《相似
  • 浅析英语广告语言的特点
  • 中国の株価動向分析
  • 日语拒否的特点及表达
  • 日语的敬语表现与日本人的敬语意识
  • 浅析日语中的省略现象
  • 浅谈日语中片假名的应用
  • 浅谈日语敬语的运用法
  • 浅谈日语会话能力的提高
  • ^论日语中的年轻人用语
  • 敬语使用中的禁忌
  • 关于日语中的简略化表达
  • 关于日语的委婉表达
  • The Wonderful Stru
  • Of Love(论爱情)
  • SONY Computer/Notb
  • 从加拿大汉语教学现状看海外汉语教学
  • MLA格式简要规范
  • 浅析翻译类学生理解下的招聘广告
  • 日本大学排名
  • 虎头虎脑
  • 杰克逊涉嫌猥亵男童案首次庭审
  • Throughout his car
  • June 19,1997: Vict
  • 今天你睡了“美容觉”吗?
  • [双语]荷兰橙色统治看台 荷兰球员统
  • Father's Day(异趣父亲节
  • 百佳电影台词排行前25名
  • June 9,1983: Thatc
  • June 8, 1968: Robe
  • 60 players mark bi
  • June 6, 1984: Indi
  • 日本の専門家が漁業資源を警告するのは
  • オーストリア巴馬は模範的な公民に日本
  • 日本のメディアは朝鮮があるいは核実験
  • 世界のバレーボールの日本の32年の始
  • 日本の国債は滑り降りて、取引員と短い
  • 广州紧急“清剿”果子狸
  • 美国“勇气”号登陆火星
  • 第30届冰灯节哈尔滨开幕
  • 美国士兵成为时代周刊2003年度人物
  • BIRD flu fears hav
  • 中国チベット文化週間はマドリードで開
  • 中国チベット文化週間はマドリードで開
  • 中国の重陽の文化の発祥地──河南省西
  • シティバンク:日本の国債は中国の中央
  • イギリスは間もなく中国にブタ肉を輸出
  • 古いものと新しい中国センター姚明の失
  • 中国の陝西は旅行して推薦ӥ
  • 中国の電子は再度元手を割って中国の有