A Comparative Study on Metaphor of Color Terms in English and Chinese

1        Introduction

1.1 Background

Both subjects of metaphor and color term have been widely studied by the researchers in the Western countries and in China as well. The earliest studies can be dated back to about two thousand years ago in the Greek times, and the statements on these subjects in China also have a very long history.

Since Aristotle, metaphor has been viewed as a deviated use of words and expressions outside their normal, conventional meanings. Though several famous theories have emerged with the development of metaphor study, the status of metaphor has never been changed. The publication of Metaphors We Live By written by Lakoff and Johnson brings a turning point of metaphor study and conceptual metaphor theory comes into being. Since then, metaphor is not a figure of speech, but a figure of thought. The essence of metaphor is to understand and experience one kind of thing in terms of another.

Color is closely related to the mankind’s life, and becomes an important field of mankind recognizing the world. Color has not only physical properties, but also plenty of cultural implications and metaphorical meanings. Hence, it is an important subject in the field of language. The linguistic studies on them in the real sense owe a lot to the basic color theory proposed by Berlin and Kay. Color terms are the words used to descript and express the color of all things. In both English and Chinese language, there are great numbers of color terms recording color of the world; these color terms are often used in human language, gradually, they are endowed with rich emotional elements and cultural connotations.

Seemingly, metaphor and color terms are two independent topics. But increasing numbers of present researchers have found that they can be closely related and their relationship can promote the studies on both subjects at the same time. As an important type of metaphor, color terms metaphors refer to those usages in which color terms are used metaphorically. In this way, people can think and comprehend other abstract and complicated concepts in terms of colors that they are quite familiar with. However, color terms metaphors are somewhat neglected compared with spatial metaphors, emotion metaphors, love metaphors and time metaphors. Therefore, a systematic and comparative study of color words metaphors in Chinese and English is quite necessary.

1.2 Research Objectives

The research on the metaphor of color terms has become one of the hottest objectives. However, the literatures studying color metaphor are only a few. In the open literatures researching color metaphor, few studied the metaphor of non-basic color terms. And there is no open works to study the basic color metaphor and non-basic color metaphor at the same time. What’s more, there exists contradiction in literatures. For example, the viewpoints of the causes leading to the dissimilarities and similarities of color metaphor in English and Chinese are controversial, and up to now, it does not make a definite conclusion. It is necessary to adopt a theory to explain these phenomena.

Aiming at the above problems, our research objectives are:

1. It studies on the characteristics of the source domains and metaphors of the basic color terms and non-basic color terms in English and Chinese. 

2. It aims to make a statistical analysis of the metaphors of basic color terms and non-basic color terms in English and Chinese, and ascertain their similarities and dissimilarities. It intends to compare the differences in the basic color terms and non-basic color terms.

3. It tries to find out the factors affecting the color metaphors and clarify which result in the similarities and which result in the dissimilarities according to the Neural Theory. Meanwhile, the explanatory power of the Neural Theory will be investigated in the field of color metaphor.

Based on the above objectives, we will devote to solve the following questions:

Q1: What are the characteristics of the source domains of non-basic color terms?

Q2: Is there any difference in the color metaphor of English and Chinese?

Q2.1: What are the original meanings and metaphorical meanings of the basic color terms and the non-basic color terms in English? How about in Chinese?

Q2.2: What are the similarities and dissimilarities of the metaphors in the basic color terms and the non-basic color terms in English and Chinese?

Q3: Can we give a reasonable explanation to the similarities and dissimilarities of the color metaphors in English and Chinese?

Q3.1: What are the causes resulting in these similarities and dissimilarities?

Q3.2: Can the Neural Theory explain the phenomenon?

1.3 The Significance of the Study

This dissertation devotes to achieve three objectives cited in section 1.2. If all problems have been well addressed, we can fill in the blank space in the aspect of studying basic color terms and non-basic color terms simultaneously. Moreover, we can not only find out the dissimilarities and similarities of basic color metaphor or no-basic color metaphor, respectively, but also the dissimilarities and similarities between them in English and Chinese. What is more important is that we can give a persuasive explanation of the reasons causing the differences of color metaphor in English and Chinese, and confirm whether the neutral theory has good explanatory power in the field of color metaphor or not.

This study is of great theoretical and practical significance. In theory, it benefits the complement of the system of metaphor study, and the development of the theory of metaphor and neurocognitive theory. In practice, the comparative study will shed much light on language teaching and cross-culture communication.

1.4 Definitions

1.4.1 Definition of Metaphor

Traditionally, metaphor is regarded as a way of speaking or writing in which a word or phrase is used to describe something quite different from what it usually expresses. It is merely a linguistic phenomenon. Cognitive linguists hold a different view from the traditional one. As Lakoff and Johnson (1980:193) stated that metaphor is pervasive in our everyday life, not just in language but in thought and action. Our ordinary conceptual system, in terms of which we both think and act, is fundamentally metaphorical in nature (Lakoff 1980:1). Lakoff also pointed out that “The concept is metaphorically structured, the activity is metaphorically structured, and, consequently, the language is metaphorically structured (Lakoff 1980: 5).” Meanwhile metaphor had been defined, within cognitive linguistics, as a conceptual mapping in which the source and the target domain belong to two different superordinate experiential domains (Lakoff 1989:103-04). The essence of metaphor is to understand and experience one kind of thing in terms of another.

1.4.2 Definition of Color Terms

Color terms are the words used to descript and express the color of all things. Generally speaking, color terms can be divided into two categories: basic color terms and non-color terms. The definition of Basic Color Terms is based on the already existed and widely accepted principles advocated by Berlin and Kay. In their Basic Color Terms: Their Universality and Evolution (1969:6), Berlin and Kay lay out four basic criteria to judge whether a color word is basic or not. According to these criteria, the eleven basic color categories in English are “white”, “black”, “red”, “green”, “yellow”, “blue”, “brown”, “purple”, “pink”, “orange” and “grey”. Berlin and Kay(1969:42)believe that there are only 6 basic color terms in Chinese, namely black, white, red, green, yellow, and blue. But Chinese scholars have found out that there are 10 basic color terms in the modern Chinese, besides the 6 color terms proposed by Berlin and Kay, purple, gray, brown and orange should also be included (Yao Xiaoping, 1988:19-28).

Based on these results of previous studies, the non-basic color terms in a language can be defined as the expressions referring to the color perception of the human beings other than the basic color terms in the language.

1.4.3 Definition of Color Metaphor

When we use color words to descript other things without color, color metaphor has been produced during this process. That is when we take the color domain as the source domain, and project its image schema onto other non-color or abstract domains, therefore, we can understand, and explain those non-color concepts in terms of the color terms. In this way, we use these color terms metaphorically.

3 Literature Review

3.1 Research on Metaphor

From the traditional rhetorical research to the field of linguistics, psychology, cognitive science and translation, metaphor study has become a popular subject. More and more people begin to realize that metaphor plays a very important role in human cognitive and social activities. Metaphor study has a long history. The earliest study of metaphor in the West can be traced back to as early as Aristotle, who defined metaphor as “consisting in giving the thing a name that belongs to something else” (Ricoeur, 1978:13). The traditional theories of metaphor, though divergent from each other, have some commonly accepted features (Kovecses, 2002: preface). The whole foundation had been not shaken until the 1930s, with the publication of The Philosophy of Rhetoric (Richards, 1936). In his work, Richards proposed the theory of interaction which was further improved by Black (Shu, 1996:9-16). Some linguists also proposed their own explanation about the working mechanism or the realization of metaphors like Halliday’s grammatical metaphor, but on the whole they all adhered to the basic cognitive interpretation of metaphor. In 1980, Metaphors We Live By of Lakoff and Johnson began to challenge all the traditional theories. They held that “all metaphor is pervasive in everyday life, not just in language but in thought and action….” (Lakoff:1980:3). Since then more and more scholars began to study metaphor from the cognitive view. In the recent decades, some Chinese scholars introduced the theories of metaphor from West, and studied metaphor from the cognitive view. Especially in recent years, numbers of Chinese researchers researched this area. Li Song and Zhao Xiaodan (2006:141-144) discussed the cognition and phenomena of the similarities and differences in metaphor in English and Chinese, and they found that some English metaphors are adopted and used in Chinese and vice versa. Lan Chun (1999:7-15) studied the spatial metaphors in Chinese from the aspect of cognition, and concluded that the spatial metaphors were necessary in the humankinds’ cognitive activity. Additionally, some Chinese scholars focused on the unique characteristics of metaphors in Chinese by applying the already established western theories. Lin Shuwu (2002:38-45) introduced comprehensively the studies on metaphor from three aspects: state of arts, focus, and trend, and he point out that there is a trend of combination metaphor and neutral theory of language. Wang Yin (2006:1-6). Support the Embodiment view of metaphor and Language from Neural Sciences. Liu Zhengguang (2001:25-29) pointed that Lakoff’s metaphor theory has its own inevitable inadequacies and it leaves some room for improvement.

3.2 Research on Color Terms

As a basic cognitive domain, color was first systematically studied from nearly 2,000 years ago. It is Plato who originated the exploration on color. Ever since, his statements on the nature of color have been taken as classic theories on color and even applied by the later physicists as a basic starting point. The linguistic interpretation of color terms owns a lot to the rapid development of natural science beginning from the 19^th century. The famous physicist Newton proved the existence of the miscellaneous colors with the help of the prism, which paved the way for the further development to the cognitive linguistic interpretation of color terms. After that, for quite a long time, the cultural determinism dominated the linguistic research on color terms. The cultural determinism in the interpretation of color terms was expanded into extreme as the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis was put forward. The situation was not changed until at the end of the 1960s. In 1969, Brent Berlin and Paul Kay coauthored a book Basic Color Terms: Their Universality and Evolution. In this book, they concluded that some color terms were basic to all human languages and the development of these color terms followed a certain order, as shown in the following figure:

                                                      purple

  white               green                            pink

         <  red  <           <  blue  <  brown  <     orange

  black               yellow                           grey

(Berlin & Kay, 1969: 4)

The color terms develop from the left to the right and follow the six stages one by one. At the same time, they defined the basic color terms which were followed by some later researchers. However, the numbers in the ninety-eight languages listed in Berlin and Kay’s book had encountered some suspicion and some of them are reestablished later. At present, the color issue is the shared topic of many fields, such as linguistics, psychology, neurology, and etc. The cross-fields studies have enriched the understanding of the colors.

In China, due to the slow development of both the natural sciences and some social sciences, the systemic studies on color terms were not formed before the introduction of Berlin and Kay’s basic color term theories. Even today, it is still far behind the western world in this area. But many scholars have been working hard on this issue and many conspicuous results have been achieved. For example, Yang Yonglin (2002b) raised a holistic sociolinguistic model of classifying color terms, aiming at studying the color terms from a holistic perspective, including the sociolinguistic view. Doctor Xie Haijiang completed his doctoral dissertation Study on Chinese Codability, one part of which was turned into the book A Contrastive Study of Color Terms between English and Chinese (2004), and studied the color terms from the angle of codability and field theory. Berlin and Kay held that there were only six basic color terms in Mandarin Chinese, which has triggered the discussion on the number of the basic color terms in Chinese among Chinese linguists. Their opinion ranges from seven to eleven. Doctor Ye Jun (2001:43) founds seven in his study as “hong”, “lan”, “bai”, “hei”, “lü”, “zi” and “hui”. Professor Wang Fengxin (2001:130) from the angle of semantics and Doctor Li Hongyin (2001) from the angle of semantic field both define nine basic color terms which are“hong”, “huang”, “lü”, “lan”, “zi”, “he”, “hei”, “bai” and “hui”.

Among the study on the color terms, the formation rules and the function of color terms are the essential part. A few linguists at home and abroad found that metaphor played an important role in forming the color terms. Nevertheless, their studies stop at the superficial state, and go no further. Most of them just mention it in a few words. Recently, the topic of color metaphors were hotly discussed by linguists, either for revealing the metaphorical features taken by the color terms or for exploring the use of color terms beyond the visual related domains. However, both the directions exclusively concentrate on the basic color terms. Up to now, few systemic researches on the metaphorical formation of non-basic color terms and the non-basic color metaphors have been done both in China and abroad. What is more, the contrastive study between Chinese and English on this topic is nearly blank.

4 Research Design and Methodology

 Our total thinking is as follows: after making statistics of the corpora from databases, we will analyze and explain the statistical results, and then make some conclusion. The method of making statistics of corpora will be clarified in section 4.2 in details, we firstly give our methodology and theoretical base to analyze and explain the statistical results.

4.1 Research Methodology and Theoretical Base

4.1.1 Method of Combination Description and Explanation.

Studying on language, on the one hand, descriptive properly language phenomenon; on the other hand, explain it soundly. Description is the basis of explanation, while explanation language phenomenon is the aim of studying language. (Shen Jiaxuan1999:6). Hence, this thesis adopted the method of combination description and explanation. Firstly, descriptive the metaphorical phenomenon of color terms in English and Chinese. Secondly, analyze and research this phenomenon, and then give reasonable and scientific explanation.

4.1.2 Method of Comparative Analysis

It is widely accepted that the method of comparative analysis is a reliable way in which we can find the essential characteristics of language from language. Firstly, establish the theoretical base of comparing color metaphor in English and Chinese. Secondly, comparatively analyze their color metaphor, and discover similarities and dissimilarities. Lastly, state the courses result in the similarities and dissimilarities. Therefore we can have deeper understanding on color metaphor.

    4.1.3 Theoretical Base

    In this dissertation, our theoretical base is the Neural Theory of Metaphor. It holds that the conflation of subjective experience and sense experience activates the connectivity of their corresponding neuron. This connectivity results in the activation from source domain to target domain, which explains that the basic metaphor is how to be acquired. Some researchers believed that the Neural Theory could give a reasonable and scientific explanation of the forming and understanding mechanism of metaphor. Therefore, we can expect that the Neural Theory has good explanatory powder in the field of color metaphor.

4.3 Research Design

The present study is an empirical study based on a wide collection of color terms (including basic color terms and non-basic color terms) and their metaphorical meanings. The selected corpus will be analyzed by a quantitative method of linguistic analysis. Thereafter, based on the obtained quantitative data, a qualitative analysis of the similarities and dissimilarities of color metaphor in English and Chinese will be made. It is noted that the data proportion between English and Chinese will be about 1:1.

4.3.1 Data Description

The data used in this research will be obtained through two methods. The first method is to use dictionaries. The other is to collect some materials from the Internet database.

Inspired by the fact that data collection from dictionaries are adopted by many cognitive linguists (Lan, 2005), we will collect non-basic color terms from dictionaries. The Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary and The New International Webster’s Comprehensive Dictionary of the English Language are taken as the resources. These three dictionaries are famous for its amplitude of entries, and they are taken as the representatives in the English dictionaries. Three Chinese dictionaries will be chosen as the source of origin. They are The Modern Chinese Dictionary (现代汉语词典), Xinhua Dictionary (新华辞典), and The Great Chinese Dictionary (汉语大词典).

Then, we will obtain the metaphorical use of color terms from the following two corpora. The British National Corpus (BNC) is an online language database and a 100 million words collection of samples of written and spoken language from a wide range of sources, designed to represent a wide cross-section of current British English, both spoken and written. Its website is http://www.natcorp.ox.ac.uk/. The data of Chinese color terms were based on Modern Chinese Corpus (现代汉语语料库). The website is http://ccl.pku.edu.cn:8080/ccl_corpus/jsearch/index.jsp?dir=xiandai. It is one of the largest databases in Chinese language usages and involves the corpus from various fields of social life in China. The data of the two corpora come from various fields of social life, and they show us the actual usage of color words metaphors in context. Moreover, the two corpora are both maturely developed, and they are balanced in the selection of the data. Owning to these features, the two corpora are good sources of data for the analysis of the metaphorical meanings of color terms.

4.3.2 Data Analysis

Firstly, this dissertation will give a close analysis of the meanings of the basic color terms. Data analysis is based on the corpora, which are sentences and contexts from the two databases cites in section 4.3.1. We choose randomly a certain number of corpora including basic color terms from the two databases, judge the original meaning or metaphorical meaning of the color term in each sentence or context, sum up the results and calculate the percentage (%) of the metaphorical meaning.

Table 1 Meaning of color terms in English& Chinese

Table 1 is given for illustrating above process of data analysis, and red is chosen as an example. We randomly select 60 data including red(红) (See Appendix) form the two corpora respectively. After making a statistical analysis, we obtain table 1. It exhibits that the metaphorical use of red is pervasive in the corpus, 53% of English are in metaphorical use while 73% of Chinese are used as metaphors. Both in English and Chinese, red has metaphorical meaning. However, the metaphor usage of red in Chinese is more than that of English. It is likely that red is the favorite one to be chosen in Chinese.

We notice further that the color term of red(红) has several metaphorical meanings. Each metaphorical meaning has different use frequency: some are often used, while some are seldom. To simplify the problem, we classify all metaphorical meanings of a color term into three types: positive, negative and neutral. Subsequently, a similar statistic method will be adopted, and the results are given in Table 2.

Table 2 The metaphorical meaning of red

From Table 2, we can find some similarities and dissimilarities of the metaphorical meanings of red(红). Red has some similar metaphorical usages in English and Chinese. For instance, there are 12.5% in English vs. 6.2% in Chinese refer to ‘red-carded’, and there are 6.2% in English vs. 22.7% in Chinese mean “happy”. But there exists more differences than the similarities of the metaphor meaning. In Chinese, 50% metaphorical meaning of red is used as ‘successful’ and ‘popular’. 22.7% expresses the meaning of‘happy’, while it is 6.2% in English. Controversy, 18.7% denotes ‘angry’; 25% is ‘deficit’ and ‘dangerous’. ‘red-handed’ and ‘red hot’ take up 12.5% respectively. But these metaphorical usages don’t exist in Chinese. It is the unique metaphorical use in Chinese that red has the connotation of ‘envious’ (25%) and ‘beneficial’ (12.5%).

According to the identical method, the issue of the metaphor of other basic color terms in English and Chinese will be investigated.

Then the metaphor in non-basic color terms will be studied. In this part, analysis of the meanings of the non-basic color terms will be examined. A similar method used in basic color terms will be adopted. Interestingly, according to our preliminary statistical results (see Table 3), we find that the non-basic color terms are more potential in using original meaning other than metaphorical meaning. It is greatly different fro, m the case of the metaphorical usage of basic color terms. Therefore, this dissertation will not research further the metaphorical meaning of non-basic color terms. It should be noted that, we have not investigated a large number of data (only 50) without the time permission. Due to the page limitation, we won’t give the specific data of non-color terms.

Table 3 The data of the metaphorical use of non-basic color terms

Additionally, in view of the special way of the formation of non-basic color terms, the source domain of non-basic color terms in English and Chinese will be studied, and the statistical results will be presented according to the format of Table 4.

Table 4 The different source domains of metaphors

used in the forming of non-basic color terms

4.3.3 Procedures

The research will be fulfilled according to the following procedures.

English basic color terms

Chinese non-basic color        terms

Meaning

Meaning

Metaphorical meaning

Metaphorical meaning

Source domain

Source domain

Conclusion

5 Expected Results

The above research devotes to illustrate how metaphor works in color terms of English and Chinese. It aims to find out the similarities and dissimilarities of color metaphor in English and Chinese, and the causes leading to these phenomena. Several results can be obtained as follows:

R1: There are similarities and dissimilarities of color metaphor in English and Chinese. Generally speaking, they have more common features than unique features because humankind has similar physic characterization and the natural environment is largely identical.

R2: After analysis by Neural Theory, we conclude that the differences of the metaphor of color terms mainly originate from social culture, and natural environment also affects it to some degree. Practice proves that Neural Theory shows very strong explanation power in the field of color metaphor.

R3: The difference of the metaphor of non-basic color terms in English and Chinese are greater than that of basic color terms. The Neural Theory can also explain the reasons well.

R4: Comparing with non-basic color terms, basic color terms are more frequently use metaphorical meaning other than original meaning.

R5: The more frequently used color terms have richer metaphorical meanings than the less frequently ones.

6 Limitations

Even if much effort has been made in this research, there are still some limitations.

Limitation 1: The resources of corpus in this paper are limited. Although we will try our best to collect typical and representative examples to make this comparison, there are still many color expressions in both Chinese and English that cannot be covered and wait to be searched.

Limitation 2: This dissertation has no enough room to the study of color terms in a practical and specific context, such as a novel, a newspaper and so on.

Limitation 3: Neutral theory has been proven in color metaphor; however, its correction should be tested in other fields.

7 Suggestions for Future Study

In future researches, scholars can make a comparative study of the usages of color words in Chinese and English on the base of certain contexts, such as certain newspapers, magazines, novel, and etc. As mentioned above, we have pointed out some developing tendencies in the study field of color metaphor, and they are important subjects for future research.

In short, there are still a lot in this field waiting to be expanded and explored, and thus further research is needed.

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http://www.natcorp.ox.ac.uk/.  (The British National Corpus)

http://ccl.pku.edu.cn:8080/ccl_corpus/jsearch/index.jsp?dir=xiandai/. (现代汉语语料库)

Apendix:

English data：(red):

1 Although that, the country is still well in the red, the latest deficit, as I mentioned earlier is rather better than the trade gap that was reported in July.

2 Trade figures for July put Britain one and a half billion pounds in the red.

3 JEWELLERY group Ratners has remained firmly in the red, losing £26.9m in the six months to July 31, figures today showed.

4 But, with the group expected to follow George Wimpey and John Laing in making substantial provisions, it could end up £25m to £30m in the red.

5 A pub that's been painted pink is making villagers see red.

6 Some people say certain responses in others make them see red and they are guaranteed to be upset, even though for the sake of peace they may repress their anger or hurt.

7 When Swindon and Leicester meet, they often see red.

8 An artillery shell struck here at breakfast time, but by now the base was on red alert, its soldiers under cover.(dangerous).

9 Coastguards have slammed youths who sparked a rescue alert by setting off a red flare yesterday between Cullercoats and Tynemouth.

10 The big bookies' credit office phone lines were red hot.

11 Nowhere is this more apparent than in the northern final where competition is going to be red hot.

12 NEXT Thursday's elections will mark a red letter day for tens of thousands of Chileans who have been exiled by Pinochet's harsh rule.

13 One of the conspirators would ring the foreman to tip him off that the shop steward could be caught red-handed stealing company property if they searched him at the gate.

14 In autumn my father watched for boys who climbed in to steal his apples but was stumped by their shamelessness even when caught red-handed.

15 After being shown the red card as the players walked off he gave a TV interview allegedly slating some European referees, and now faces a possible ban from the game.

16 Paul McCartan pulled one back for Distillery three minutes from time and right on the final whistle Gregg was shown the red card.

17 I looked at the sky, as one might on feeling a spot of rain, and saw the red dust-clouds of a storm in the east.

18 In the UK uplands there appears to be much less hunting or shooting and it is less organised, except of grouse and red deer in the Scottish hills and also in parts of Northern England and Wales.

19 In the case of the picture shown opposite, I found a beautiful frame, with a lovely wide gold band on the inner side of the frame that is decorated with red and green flowers and leaves.

20 In short, it could be a different engine --; until you go in search of the red line, when things still get frenetic.

21 The little stone winked like a red star in the firelight and Carrie thought of Mrs Gotobed, suddenly; of the time she'd had tea with her and of the way the flames danced in her rings as she stroked the silk of her dress.

22 There is blood leaking from the back of the man's head, beneath the red hair.

23 The sunlight shone through the glass of the conservatory and showed up the piece of gold in his front tooth, the little, gingery hairs in the folds of his red cheeks, the grey ones in his drooping moustache.

24 It once went cold, although the little red lights were still on.

25 I scramble down from the table, back away, the red spoon gripped tight in my hand.

26 His tie was dark blue and red in diagonal strips.

27 He opened a bottle of brandy, his hands trembling and his face no longer white but red.

28 She was marked out by her brightly coloured stockings, some red, some yellow and some that looked like a chessboard.

29 Next thing I know, he'd driven out of there, hell for leather, in a bright red sports car, and headed south.

30 The doors of its red brick terraced houses open straight on to the pavement.

Chinese data： （红）

1去年这个医院拒收患者红包１９５人次、近２万元，收到表扬信３１８封

2财产股利是上市公司用现金以外的其他资产向股东分派的股息和红利。

3按原规定，被红牌警告的运动员只需停赛一场比赛，其所属球队罚款３５７０美元。

4桃豹在赵营内看到晋兵运来那么多的米，自然眼红，就趁晋兵休息的时候，派了大批兵士来抢。

5皇帝这个位子，谁不眼红啊？

6李福成养牛发家了，有些人就犯红眼病了。

7美国ＨＴＳ公司也抢占了中国报业印刷市场中最令人眼红的一家大报的激光汉字排版系统。

8可惜，那两位“红人”仅仅时隔一年，就在奥运会上大失水准，从巅峰上走了下来。

9她并非像有的‘文革’红人那样，专横跋扈，无恶不作，她平易近人，从来不摆省委干部的架子。

10这和中国国内的红火场面形成了鲜明的对比。

11孙立国夫妇住村两年，一个已垮台一年多的厂子，变成了沂蒙山区最红火的村办企业之一。

12近年来，徐州市经济领域深化改革，转换机制，搞得红红火，在全国产生一定影响。

13奥运会后，弗兰琪丝卡的名字红遍了德国。

14首先，这出戏是一出传统京剧的折子戏，解放前曾红遍大江南北，大有不看《狸猫》不知京剧之势。

15他悄悄补充了一句，苏青是敌伪时期很红的女作家。

16这次来的演员中，有许多在影视上很红的演员，你们可以大把的抓钱，钱当然要赚。

17罗伯―葛利叶在世界上很红，但他的影响在法国愈来愈小，而娜塔丽・萨洛特的作品就好得多。

18一位华侨朋友说，初一这里鞭炮齐鸣，群狮起舞，闹得红火，闹得泼辣。

19毕业生们出发的场面也是十分感人的，毕业生们乘坐披红挂绿的彩车，在锣鼓场中被送到火车站，随之，举行了隆重而热烈的欢送会。

20佟湘玉蒙着红盖头，一身红妆，坐在几口箱子上。

21１２辆崭新的草绿色的汽车，打扮得像新娘一样，戴着大红花和大红喜字，鸣响着清脆喇叭，缓缓行驶在中央大道上。

22三是红白喜事的送礼，娶亲、聘女、过生日，这都是喜事，而且是“红喜事”。

23那个，再有钱的呢就是，放翡翠，绿石头儿，红宝石，蓝宝石，绿宝石这些。

24减少污染，净化空气，“还我蓝天红日”，已成为世界各国人民的共同心愿。

25它的表面温度很低，只有3 800度左右，以发红光为主，距离我们大约650光年。

26它如同烧红了的玻璃那样，既可流动弯曲，却又十分坚硬致密。

27万紫千红的花朵是由花瓣中的色素决定的。

28深秋时，乌桕树叶变红、黄、橙、紫等色，是著名的观赏植物。

29经分析，胡萝卜根的颜色越红，所含的胡萝卜素越多。

30黄色和红色则给人以温暖的感觉，可以促进人的血液循环，增加食欲。