Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1 Research Background
Before the Construction grammar theory was introduced to China,some grammar scholars came into being similar idea of structuralism,but it failed to rise attain the theory level.By the turn of the century construction grammar has been introduced into the national linguistic field,and the scholars increases day by day to the influence of construction grammar.About the grammar research,although it was not a long process,and it still a very young research field,but the national scholars have made some attempts to explore the three aspects of theoretical content,field of study,research methods,especially since the study has become a certain scale in recent years and it doesn’t have a full system,both application and usage research are still at the stage of exploration and prototype stage and more research has to be done in terms.
To be specific,the exploration about classical theory of constructional grammar makes a detailed discussion about theoretical connotation and its basic concept,include investigating the advantages and disadvantages of its theory,and try to approach the constructive adjustment and improvement,so that there appears a phenomenon of lively academic contention. The constructional grammar was used to observe,analyze and explain the language facts,especially Chinese language fact. The domestic scholars pay great attention to verify the structural methods with Chinese language fact.
About some characteristic and specific construction in Chinese,their research improves a deep understanding on Chinese language fact and laws. So far some case studies convincingly explained Chinese language phenomenon from the perspective of constructional grammar theory,and conducted a tentative study in discussion of research methods.At present,the applied research of construction grammar is limited to language teaching field,especially applied research of second language teaching is striking,but the overall looked like,it is still in the an early-stage.
Besides, the study of Chinese history has introduced the construction grammar theory. Some scholars are exploring the constructional function during the language evolution,the combining of construction theory and grammar theory is one of the important aspects. The research is still at the starting stage and the research results are not as so much,but it has a broad prospect. In recent years ,more and more papers have been published on construction grammar,in fact ,from the social and cultural background, the research on construction grammar has extensive applications and development space.
1.2 Purpose of the Study
According to some research materials,Construction Grammar gets really popular in the USA in the last ten years, it needs to be paid much attention by the international scholars. This text would apply the construction grammar to comparative research on expression of C-E complex object.before 2000, about the domestic research character of construction grammar,the existing problems were less kinds and narrow sides,scattered and not systematic. The research content is mainly to try to come up with the construction grammar that could study and explain the sentence and structure of complex object. The construction grammar ‘s focus is on the matched construction,language form and meaning, research and application of construction grammar should be give special attention by scholars.
Therefore,the ultimate goal of study is to combine Construction grammar with C-E Sentence pattern,we can see the difference of C-E sentence structure and expression,Construction grammar would play a larger role in language study.
1.3 Significance of the Study
Construction grammar is the development of cognitional linguistics which is base on the reflection about traditional TG grammar,It is a newer grammar system which offers us a new visualization of language studies.Construction grammar thinks that the language is a tight combination of form and meaning,the language study should combine form and meaning,that means construction grammar has most powerful explanatory power as regards some unexplained linguistic phenomena over the last few years,such as the relevant issues of C-E complex object,this is the value of the study on Construction Grammar.
Construction Grammar has overturned the division of linguistic units about traditional grammar,the syntactic structures and syntactical meaning corresponded one to one in order to improve the interpret of syntactic structures.
As a new visual of linguistic studies,construction grammar will offer the broad space for the researchers and its theoretical value and applied value will be gradually discovered and fulfilled.
Chapter 2 Literature Review
2.1 Construction grammar
2.1.1 The development of construction grammar
Lakoff ’s student A.Goldberg’s book was published in1995-----Construction:A Construction Grammar Approach to Argument Structure,the work marked that the construction grammar comes to an unprecedented new stage. She unequivocally stood for construction that it has a kind of meaning. This thought run through the development of construction grammar,she analyzed the construction from a perspective of argument relation.
This was further evidence that constructional meaning independent of tissue components exits, then her constructional theory has further developed and been perfected,the generative grammarian Jakendoff,whose “Twistn’ the night away published in 1997. this paper examines the construction of time-away,then ,Bill’s (whole) afternoon away demonstrates the construction has a set of complicated syntax and semantic features .But the features cannot be known from other semantically related construction that is to say time-away is a combination which has independent and matched form-meaning ,he compared two ways that might explain this constructional phenomenon ,the two method,one is formalist which deduced format with lexical rules ,the other one is constructional method,Jakendoff said he favoured the constructional method, this marks that he turned to structuralism.
The defection sends a powerful message----the construction has remarkable attraction and it stimulated some constructional linguists.
Jakendoff’ s trend led to the much bolder hypothesis of structural grammarians,----will the constructional concept used to explain all language knowledge of speakers? This hypothesis much also become a turning point for constructional theory,the hypothesis (Croft and Cruse 2006 247)was confirmed as one of the important proposition by later constructional grammar theories.
In 1999,Kay collaborated with Fillmore on WXDY construction,the authors considers that the pragmatic meaning resulted from the scene ,but closely related to this format and to form an aspect of constructional meaning,the paper’s contribution is to successfully insert “construction” into the scope of linguists ,by the fact shows that construction has the pragmatic function,the syntax fails to have its boundary clearly distinguished from pragmatics.
Croft whose Radical construction Grammar syntactic Theory in Typological Perspective was published in 2001,to fully adopt the non-reductionist model in order to get rid of reductionist model. The model has been of the opinion that the construction is the basic or primitive element of syntactic representation (rather than morpheme and words etc),the radical construction theory tries to define the grammatical category according to the construction that it appeared. The parts of intransitive construction are defined to be intransitive subject,intransitive verb. The category is defined in terms of the relevant role of these words or phrases which present within the intransitive construction ,therefore the author established the Radical Construction Grammar. In 2003,Goldberg published a paper in our “Foreign Language”,the constructional definition has changed a bit to replace meaning by function. (Goldberg (2003) ---The article raised seven elements of construction theory and explicitly recognizes that all grammar knowledge may be introduced into the constructional framework.In 2006,Goldberg published another paper .
Some scholars contributed to the structural theory :such as Michaelis, Sag,Lambrecht etc,After long-time study,the construction grammar is developing well and growing strongly under the wings of cognitive grammar,then it ha s become a grammatical theory which exists together with formal grammar.
It is well to reminded that when construction grammar were born,domestic scholars have formed some similar ideas about construction grammar.such as :Ma Qingzhu thought of “The Format invest with meaning”in 2003,Zhu Dexi ,Fan Kaitai etc proposed the similar thought about CG. The thought of Ma Qingzhu was established largely before the official birth of American constructional theory.Unfortunately,these valuable thoughts of domestic scholars were fleeting and were not exposed,the theory has not taken shape or the theoretical overview were conservative and constrained. The breadth and depth of theoretical level what the development dynamic is insufficent,so the theory did not have a significant impact on the field of construction grammar.
2.1.2 Research on construction grammar at home and abroad
Cg started in 1980s. In fact,CG has been operating in the basic assumption framework of cognitive linguistics,the syntactic research of cognitive linguistics is attributed to CG.
Fillmore proposed case grammar in 1968,who got into thinking in the semantics in syntactic research,and then proposed Frame semantics.Fillmore thought that Vocabulary comprehension depends on its specific semantic frame.
In 1988,Fillmore proposed CG follows the path of idiom in order to criticize TG,It led to the notion of “construction”,but his work is mainly about the research of idioms,the research was not expanded to normal counterparts,and the major objective was to prove the common grammar with methodology. He still adopted QiaoShi’ s Formalism Method, so a lot of scholars such as Lakeoff the pathfinder who contributed greatly to the production of construction grammar,he emphasized to associate grammatical relations with a particular sentence types as a whole.Lakeoff discussed the contruction --Deictic There Construction in 1987 book ,then based on a Natural Language Theory Study,his theory was developed to Embodied construction grammar ,Langacker discussed the shape and meaning of auxiliary word in 1982.
Foundations of Cognitive Grammar
(2 volumes)published in 1991, the work discusses its cognitive grammar systematically and cognitive grammar.An introduction published in 2008,and reviewed the theory,his theory is symbolic unit based approach,which was used for the study of construction grammar,he propsed the semantic views of semantic equates with conceptualization ,he developed the traditional valence theory and independence --dependence relation,the result could explain how the symbolic unit has intergrated into the larger construction.
After that,two scholars Goldberg and Craft pushed construction grammar to school element,Goldberg is a student of Lakoff, under the metaphor theory,and there construction ,Frame semantics,construction grammar and langacker’ s Minimalist analysis solution,the monograph constructions A construction Grammar. Approach to Argument Structure . the author discussed the construction grammar thought in detail,and analyzed the argument structure of language with the theory,he thought that construction has its own meaning ,but the second monograph published in 2006 proposed the language fiction is its generality and manifests innoema with construction,construction can explain the every layer of language ,the author thought that the linguistic acquisition is construction acquisition.
In the two books and related studies ,Goldberg proposed and discussed the questions,surface generalization construction,some hypotheses inheritance concept of construction,to raise the normal inheritance model.
Another scholar was English linguists,who was promoted the development of construction grammar,his treatise raised radical construction grammar.which published in 2001,it considered that three construction grammar theories are Reductionist ,and get rid of the classical theory.
The critism about TG -----The appearance of CG is a response to combinatorics of TG,C.Croft & Cruse (2004.225).Chomsky 1957 .1993.Pinker (1984) considered that human beings are born with language knowledge.It could be obtained without induction.The acquistion grammar likes the customization of software package.Jackenoff (2002) thought that all things are inside,the learners simply have to choose the suitable parameters,and to manipulate the use of language by formalized calculation.
CCxG frequently point out that it does not dismiss ,human language has symbol calculation rather than mere formal method,this transition can not only deal with the “core” grammatical phenomenon., but also effectively explain the peripheral grammatical phenomenon what is plunged into the exicon-- “language prison” by TG, towards the goal of uniform interpretation about all language phenomenon.
The five essential ideas of TG,Nativism Innateness VG,Autonomy Modularity Formalization,Construction Grammar combatively proposed opposite views.
The research contribution about Construction Grammar
Fillmore etc (1988)researched “Let alone”construction;Lakeoff (1987)discussed “there”construction;Michaelis & Lambrecht (1996) discussed exclamatory sentence construction ,Prince (1978) researched “It--cleft sentence”and “what--cleft sentence”.Birner & Ward (1988) analyzed pre - and- post construction.Jakendoff (1990) analyzed “Vi + time +away”Construction,”away”was unbounded,It would be bounded after add the time words.Kay & Fillmore (1999)analyzed “what’s X doing Y.Goldberg (1995,2006) researched English thematic structure,Double-Object Construction,causative verb construction result active construction.The “way”construction and SAI Research construction grammar in China.Lu Jianming (2009) “Li Si ate him three apples--”Foreign Language in China”. “adverb +noun construction---“Foreign Languages”, “result actives”--- “Foreign Language Teaching”,Liao Qiaoyun(2007) English cause and effect construction -- “Foreign Language Research”.
Yang Chensong (2008) “at the age of eighty (Liu Limin.2009)ditransitive construction --”Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press 2004.
At present,Construction Grammar has become a notable doctrine.The article considered that it is essential to read and understand some literature about us to efficiently understand the research methods of construction grammar and to lay down a solid foundation for the following research on complex object construction.
2.2 Research Review on contrastive analysis
In the 1940s，In order to differ from the Western comparative linguistics in popular of 1940s, Wholf first proposed the concept of Contrastive linguistics and the pattern about the theory of linguistic comparison. The contrastive linguistics is intended to explain elaborately its own same and difference by comparing different kinds of languages.Rlado further developed the theory to the level of applying the contrastive linguistics-----contrastive analysis is intended to explain the comparison between mother tongue and target language.The linguist Wholf published the research paper “Language and Logic”in “Technological Review”which is the publication of MIT.
The term “Contrastive Linguistics”come from America,
In 1957,Lado published the book “Linguistics Across Cultures”and made the Contrastive Linguistics get attention.To test the difficulties of foreign language learners by comparing the native and object language,and the main objective is to apply the research results of contrastive linguistics in the teaching of second language.
Derive from the inspiration of psychical research on immigrant bilingual of Wermeich(1953) and Haugen(1956),Lado used the research methods and reached a conclusion:The difficulty of foreign Language study depends on the comparison between native and foreign language.Lado’ s viewpoint had a huge impact in the field of comparative analysis ,the comparative analysis experienced the two important phases : pre- classical and post-classical period.
At the start of the 20th century,some language scholars have noticed the phenomenon on pull of mother language.In 1941,Whorf used this term of contrastive linguists in the article first,and the topic was aimed at the comparison of voice system.
After the World Wall II,the foreign language teaching was developing rapidly,the comparative analysis has received enough attention from the people and be regarded as the most valuable part of foreign language teaching.
In 1957,the book of Chormsky:“Syntactic Structure”brought about the linguistic revolution.The same year,Lado’ s work--- “linguistics Across Cultures” was counted as the classic about comparative analysis,and marked the birth of the classic comparative analysis theory,he established the classic theory of comparative analysis.
The period of classic theory---In the mid-1950s to 1960s,the comparative analysis was at its peak,some classic works abut contrast study which published by the university of Chicago Press were come out,and the scholars like Moulton, Kufner etc whose viewpoint is To make a linguistic comparison from the constitutive perspective.
The scholar Plitzer who come from the Stanford University,his series are dominant in comparative analysis.
During this period,the scholars made the difficulty of the second language acquisition to be completely linked with the difference between the native and object language.it is one-sided,and has a great difficulty.
About three works :The three works were published in 1980. the work of American scholar Jame“The Contrastive Analysis”, “The Theoretical Question on Contrastive Linguistics”organized by Polish scholar Fisiak,and “contrastive chapters”written by German scholar Hartmann which differentiated from macro-contrastive linguistics from micro-contrastive linguistics that the two viewpoints first proposed by James,he discovered the linguistic unit bigger than sentence.To combine the language with social and cultural contexts and contrast the linguistics from two angles.
Fisiak attached great importance to the subject construction of contrastive linguistics,and proposed to distinguish Theoretical contrastive linguistics from Applied comparative linguistics,the former was be saved as the emphasis of construction. In his work--- “The Theoretical Issues of Contrastive Linguistics”,he emphasized that to separate the comparative language from the applied language and began to grow and become a separate discipline.The Comparative Discourse --the work of Hartmann who considered that the text grammar and discourse analysis is to combine into the text discourse theory or discourse,then combining with comparative linguistics is to form the comparative discourse.
The comparative analysis ,both as a language theory and a linguistic study method ,then it is also precious possession.The comparative analysis is not only the comparison of language structure in the framework of structuralism,but it is the comparative research about structural meaning in combining with new languages theory and function multiplicity.
2.3 Research Review on complex object
As a grammar category,the complex object can be frequently found in modern English and Chinese, compare with simple object,the complex object consists of Syntactic structures( sentences and phrases).The simple object consists of words,the sentences with complex objects which are complex objective sentences.
The complex object is object of sentence structure,which is the object coming after the predicative object. About the definition of complex object ,what we can see two hierarchies of complex object,object of short phrases and syntactic form.
Base on construction grammar,we can understand that the complex object is diverse in forms and various in kinds.
For a long time ,a number of studies are focused on the complex object. For example, Wang Minghua researched verb types (the object of subject-predicate struture) in 1989, Zhong Zhiping researched the object of centering structure and the order of poly-attributes about the object in 1995,the same year,Liao Qiuzhong discussed the object of parallel structure,Ma Qingzhu discussed adjectives in the position of multiple attribute, David Liu researched the object of subject-predicate and Tang Cuiju discussed quantifiers in the position of multiple attribute in 2002.
From the studies of scholars and current situation, a small fraction of scholars have made some studies on syntactic structure of complex object although the concept of complex object often is used by people,but the meaning is still not clearly defined and lack of systematic study. So it is necessary to build the research domain of complex object. It is well to be reminded that the scholar Zhu Jun who researched the distinction between complex object and simple object in semantic features and discussed the semantic difference between internal members of complex object. Zhu Jun summarized the syntactic categories of complex object and complex objective sentences,and generalized the semantic type of complex object and verb types before complex object,whose thesis has utilized some modern grammar theories such as cognitive grammar and valency grammar,then analyzed and explained the semantic features of complex object.Zhang Yunnuo researched jianyu construction and English complex object ,he thought that both jianyu construction and O/S complex object are jianyu structure,just with a different name,both have same pattern and different morphological characteristics.Zhang Yunnuo also explained the structure difference of Chinese and English complex object and translation of two structures.
Chapter 3 Methodology
This part is top priority of the article,the research results depend on the research goal and method,so in order to ensure the research has the practicality and honesty. This text must present the research design and methodology to guarantee the prudence of research process,accuracy of research results and specialty of research method. This part is main to state the research problems and How to study the topic?
3.1 Research problems
By comprehending the topic of text and reading the Chinese and foreign literate about Construction Grammar and comparison theory and to combine the theories and viewpoints of literature with main research object,the article analyzes the research questions from structure and semantics, on reflection,this text obtains the questions about expression of C-E complex object as follow:
1 What are the characteristics of construction of English complex object?
2 What are the characteristics of construction of Chinese complex object?
3 What are the differences and common points between English and Chinese complex object?
3.2 Research design
The article follows the integrating principle of theories and practice, and uses the information application of viewing literature,comparative research and theory analytic method to describe and explain the research problem in order to draw conclusions from the information.The research design as follow:
3.2.1 data source and samples
The writer has collected the research data with document retrieval tools,the vast majority of the information derives from paper database of cnki and VANFUN.The greater part of literature were written in 2014-2017.
3.2.2 data statistics
By reading the literature information,the methods of research questions and research cases may be concluded and determined in the paper,to present the research principle,research ideas and logic. Because the research methods declare main measures and procedures of research,and different research types and design schemes determine different research methods.
3.2 The Basis for Contrastive Studies of English and Chinese
At first,the author thought that a idea should be assessed---how to research above three problem? It is very important to grasp the research direction. in order to ensure the validity of research,the article must list the follow map about comparability of languages.
map 1(3.2)
This article thought that the essential differences between Chinese and English can be summarized as the following points.
1 Chinese is tonal language,the flow rhythm is rich in atmosphere,but English is not.
2 About grammar,Chinese focuses on the parataxis,and has a small number of conjunctions,the meaning of sentence can understand them by logical order,then English focused on the hypotaxis,has abundant conjunctions,the meaning of sentence depends on these conjunctions.
3 The meaning--- non-correspondence of semantic,(such as uncle ---mother’s brother ,or father’s brother).
4 How the course--the methodology
The comparative analysis should follow the four principles.the content as follow:
1 Synchronicity---To use the relatively stable language facts as the research object which are in the specific historical period. “synchronic” is the fact that any cross-section is known as object of study in the development of history.
2 Hierarchy----the language itself is a system of hierarchical structure. The every part within the system is in the structure of different tiers,but it is in the upper lower relation.
Text-- para--sentence--phrase--word-- morpheme
Np1 VP1 AP...
In contrast to the course of the study,we must choose the language fact within the same level.
3 Equivalence--- comparison is based on value,with value more generally is semantic value or meaning.such as “jie”in Chinese and “lend”in English is comparable,but its value is not equal.
Except the single-meaning technical terms,there is no completely equal fact of other unit. The value difference in correlation is the universal phenomenon of cross-language comparison.
4 Identity--- during the entire time of comparison, start to the objective of identity and to handle the comparative item of same whole in the same direction and with the same way and same technology.
The combination of macro-study and micro-study, a mixture of synchronic and diachronic research,combining personality differences with generality universality is are now commonly done in comparative research between Chinese and English.
3.3 research methods
According to these two points,the research methods are classified into semantic analysis and syntactical analysis.
3.3.1 Research framework
This article thought that the language system has nationality and the universality of linguist structure system ,the grammar reflects cultural background,national psychology,thinking idioms and expression of the national members and language community members. Grammar is a narrow and broad distinction. From a narrow sense,it constraints the relation between word and word in a sentence,in broad terms,the grammar is the organization rule of language,it includes morphology and syntax,morphology is used for the study on structure and function,syntax is used for the research about law of sentence form.syntactic comparison is the major focus.
So this article will make a whole research framework in order to guarantee the systematization,comprehensiveness and logicality of study.the research framework as follow:
(The research framework is used for comparative analysis about English-Chinese complex object )
Map2 (3.3.1)
3.3.2 process of study
The research scope of C-E complex object is very wide,it involves a number of grammar knowledge ,so this article considered that the subject is divided into three parts, C-E grammar comparison ,C-E grammar structure comparison and C-E sentence comparison,then in the follow parts this article systematically review the every part and obtain the result finally, To synthesize the relevant results of three parts and make a careful comparison and find out the sameness and differences of C-E complex object
3.3.2.1 procedure 1 To make the grammar comparison of C-E complex object.
To collect the C-E complex object cases and sentence pattern,and to study the levels of Grammar structure,sentence pattern,sentence category,sentence elements ,grammar relation expression, includes semantic categories. then to conclude the differences and similarities.
The research method ,the article will use the comparison of “from the outside to inside”and “from the inside to out”comparative research to understand the meaning of C-E complex object and the meaning form.
3.3.2.2 procedure 2 To make C-E grammar structure comparison.
To collect some complex object sentence and analyze
The Nominal omission and verb omission,include tense,voice and mood,different expression has different sentence construction .
To record the result ,and marked down the every similarities and differences of grammar structure.
3.3.3.3 procedure 3 To make the C-E sentence comparison.
To collect and research the sentence pattern of complex object , The comparison of C-E complex sentence ,basic sentence & its word order,and internal connection of sentence can embody the syntactic structural characteristics of the Chinese language by observational method and inductive method.then summarize the research results and prepare a summary of this part.
The part would involve a number of grammar knowledge and case analysis ,so the article would use the induction and observation in order to guarantee the comprehensiveness ,specialization and accuracy of the research content.
3.3.3.4 the summary of similarities and differences
According to the results of above three parts ,the article should methodically collate and analyze the materials,and at last the article can get the final conclusion----the answers of research questions --------the characteristics of C-E complex object construction and their differences.
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刘爽 - 《华南理工大学》 - 2016 - 被引量: 0
40汉语构式二语习得研究的理论思考
施春宏，邱莹，蔡淑美 - 《语言教学与研究》 - 2017 - 被引量: 0
41构式语法理论下的二语习得研究
路华 - 《淮北师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》 - 2016 - 被引量: 0
42构式语法理论对二语学习者习语学习的启示
李悦 - 《都市家教月刊》 - 2016 - 被引量: 0
43基于构式语法观的英语习语习得研究
赵雪影 - 《山东财经大学》 - 2016 - 被引量: 0
44频次对二语构式习得研究综述
陈平平 - 《海外英语》 - 2017 - 被引量: 0
45“构式—语块”理论下的兼语句 教学调查及探讨
李小丽 - 江西师范大学 - 2016 - 被引量: 0
46基于语料库的语块使用与英语写作水平的相关性研究
牟晓玉 - 《陕西师范大学》 - 2015 - 被引量: 0
47认知语用视角下学术语篇中外壳名词的使用及功能研究
龚卓如 - 辽宁师范大学 - 2015 - 被引量: 0
48语块与高三年级学生的英语口语流利性的相关性研究
焦扬 - 《长江大学》 - 2015 - 被引量:
